Battle of Garigliano

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Not to be confused with Battle of Garigliano (1503) or Battle of Garigliano (457).
Battle of Garigliano
DateJune 915
Location
near the
Garigliano River, Italy
Result Christian Italian victory
Belligerents

Christian League:

Fatimid Caliphate
Commanders and leaders
Alberic I of Spoleto
Nicholas Picingli
Pope John X		 Alliku[1]
Strength
50,000 40,000
Casualties and losses
Minimal heavy

The Battle of Garigliano was fought in 915 between Christian forces and the

Saracens. Pope John X personally led the Christian forces into battle. The aim was to destroy the Arab fortress on the Garigliano River,[2] which had threatened central Italy and the outskirts of Rome for nearly 30 years.[3][4]

Background

After a series of ravaging attacks against the main sites of the

hypati of Gaeta
), taking advantage of the division between them.

In 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced by the Fatimids, who assumed control over their territories in North Africa and southern Italy.

Pope John X, however, managed to reunite these princes in an alliance in order to oust the Fatimids from their dangerous strongpoint. The Christian armies united the

Berengar I, sent a support force from Spoleto and the Marche, led by Alberic I, duke of Spoleto and Camerino. The Byzantine Empire participated by sending a strong contingent from Calabria and Apulia under the strategos of Bari, Nicholas Picingli. John X himself led the milities from the Lazio, Tuscany, and Rome
.

Battle

The first action took place in northern Lazio, where small bands of ravagers were surprised and destroyed. The Christians scored two more significant victories at

Tivoli and Vicovaro. After these defeats, the Muslims occupying Narni and other strongholds moved back to the main Fatimid stronghold on the Garigliano: this was a fortified settlement (kairuan) whose site, however, has not yet been identified with certainty. The siege lasted for three months, from June to August.[5]

After being pushed out of the fortified camp, the Fatimids retired to the nearby hills. Here they resisted many attacks led by Alberic and Landulf. However, deprived of food and noticing their situation was becoming desperate, in August they attempted a sally to reach the coast and escape to the Emirate of Sicily. According to the chronicles, all were captured and executed.

Aftermath

Berengar was rewarded with Papal support and eventually the

patricius
from Byzantium, leading his family to proclaim themselves "dukes".

Following the victory, the Byzantines, as the most important force during the battle, became the dominant power in southern Italy.[6]

References

  1. ^ Cfr. Chronicon comitum Capuae in Mon.Germ.hist.Script. III,208
  2. ISBN 9780786744183
    .
  3. ISBN 9780202364858
    .
  4. ISBN 9781135948801
    .
  5. ISBN 9780520021815
    .
  6. ISBN 9781107627116
    .

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