Bears in Ireland

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Statue of a bear, Mount Stewart
Bear sculpture at the International Financial Services Centre, Dublin
Guinness advertisement featuring a bear

Bears were once common in Ireland but are now extinct on the island, having died out in the 1st millennium BC.

History

A subspecies of the

Irish hare and Atlantic salmon
(in addition to a myriad of other marine and freshwater species). The bulk of a bear's diet consists of wild berries, fruits, fallen nuts, edible flowers, grasses and herbs.

Bears in Ireland often slept through the cold winter in caves, hollows, burrows or sheltered cliffsides; several are known to have died during hibernation, with their bones being found by modern-day archaeologists.[1] The most famous fossils were discovered in Poll na mBéar (lit. "bear's hole") in County Leitrim, and Aillwee Cave, County Clare.[2][3] Remains have also been found at Lough Gur; County Kildare; and County Longford.[4] Perforated bear teeth (worn on necklaces) have been found in caves in County Clare.[5]

A bear patella bearing butchery marks has been dated to 10860–10641 BC; it was found in the Alice and Gwendoline Cave, County Clare and is the earliest known evidence of human activity in Ireland.

DNA studies have shown that the Irish bear was intermediate between the modern brown bear and modern polar bear.[6] This suggests that the Irish bear interbred with archaic polar bears during the Pleistocene.[7]

The bear is believed to have died out c. 1000–500 BC, due to

habitat loss and hunting.[6]

Terminology

In Old Irish, there are three words used for bear:

The word art fell out of use, with the word gamuin ("calf") being added to math to create mathgamain, and the word beithir being respelled as béar.

Personal names

The elements art and math often appear in personal names like Arthur or surnames such as

King of Thomond in the 15th century; and Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin was a poet of the 16th century.[13][14][15]

Norman invasion and resettling in County Sligo.[18][19]

Legend and myth

Bears occasionally appear in Irish mythology and folk tales, for example, in the tale of The Brown Bear of Norway.[20]

Toponyms

Bears died out in Ireland prior to the coming of the Celts, so their name does not appear in very many place names. The

Iberia.[21] Lismaha (Irish Lios Matha), a townland in County Roscommon, possibly means "bear ringfort", although it could also be "Matthew's ringfort."[22]

Captive bears and reintroduction

British heraldry, the bears are depicted wearing muzzles
, perhaps reflecting the lack of wild bears in Great Britain and Ireland.

Bear-baiting took place in Ireland in the early modern period, with it being common in Belfast; a baiting in Dublin in 1726 led to a bull and bear escaping, with one bear "[seizing] one man by the leg and tore it to pieces."[23] A bear-baiting took place in Cork in 1769.[24]

Two polar bears lived in Dublin Zoo between the early 1980s and 2003. The female bear's behaviors caused concerns and an independent study was commissioned which found bears needed to be able to spend time alone when they choose. It was later moved to a zoo in Hungary where their needs can be accommodated better.[25]

Habitat loss has made it impossible to reintroduce the bear to Ireland, but there are two brown bears — rescued from a private zoo in

Inishowen Peninsula.[26][27]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Bears in the Wild - Bear Essentials".
  2. ^ "Mammals that became extinct in Ireland thousands of years ago". Green News Ireland. April 5, 2016.
  3. ISBN 9781933810065
    – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Kinahan, George Henry (June 17, 1878). "Manual of the Geology of Ireland". C.K. Paul & Company – via Google Books.
  5. ISBN 9781782978138
    – via Google Books.
  6. ^ a b "Bears". 9 November 2019.
  7. PMID 21737280
    – via www.cell.com.
  8. ^ "MacBain's Dictionary - Section 26". www.ceantar.org.
  9. ISBN 9780851156606
    – via Google Books.
  10. ISBN 9780415204866
    – via Google Books.
  11. ^ "MacBain's Dictionary - Section 3". www.ceantar.org.
  12. ^ "Sloinne". www.sloinne.ie.
  13. ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Mathghamhain". Behind the Name.
  14. ^ "MATHGHAMHAIN - Irish Names and Surnames". www.libraryireland.com.
  15. ^ "The Source of Mathghamhain". www.mcmahonsofmonaghan.org.
  16. ISBN 9780940134492
    – via Google Books.
  17. ^ "Dictionary of Irish Biography - Cambridge University Press". dib.cambridge.org.
  18. ^ "Sloinne". www.sloinne.ie.
  19. ^ "The Bear". 6 March 2020.
  20. ^ "Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts: The Brown Bear of Norway". theology101.org.
  21. ^ Meeting, International Mineralogical Association General; Deposits, International Association on the Genesis of Ore (June 17, 1971). "Proceedings of the IMA-IAGOD meetings '70". Society of Mining Geologists of Japan – via Google Books.
  22. ^ "Lios Matha/Lismaha". Logainm.ie.
  23. ^ "Cockfighting, cruelty, and Ireland's history of bloodsports". 15 December 2017.
  24. ISBN 9780191063022
    – via Google Books.
  25. ^ "Living in Dublin Zoo no teddybears' picnic". The Irish Times.
  26. ^ Beresford, Jack. "Brown bears back living in Ireland thousands of years after they went extinct". The Irish Post.
  27. ^ "Northern Ireland public goes wild for bears and wolves roaming free at sanctuary in Donegal". Belfasttelegraph – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.

External links

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