Hunting


Hunting is the
Recreationally hunted species are generally referred to as the

Hunting activities by humans arose in , or capture of animals.
Apart from


Skillful
Etymology
The word hunt serves as both a noun ("the act, the practice, or an instance of hunting") and a verb ("to pursue for food or in sport").[19] The noun has been dated to the early 12th century, from the verb hunt. Old English had huntung, huntoþ.[20] The meaning of "a body of persons associated for the purpose of hunting with a pack of hounds" is first recorded in the 1570s. "The act of searching for someone or something" is from about 1600.[20]
The verb, Old English huntian "to chase game" (transitive and intransitive), perhaps developed from hunta "hunter," is related to hentan "to seize," from Proto-Germanic huntojan (the source also of Gothic hinþan "to seize, capture," Old High German hunda "booty"), which is of uncertain origin. The general sense of "search diligently" (for anything) is first recorded c. 1200.[21]
Types
- Recreational hunting, also known as sport hunting or "sporting"
- Big game hunting
- Medium/small game hunting
- Fowling
- Waterfowl hunting
- )
- grouse, turkey)
- Pest control/nuisance management
- Commercial hunting and traditional sustenance hunting
- Other
History
Lower to Middle Paleolithic
Hunting has a long history. It predates the emergence of .
The oldest undisputed evidence for hunting dates to the Early Pleistocene, consistent with the emergence and early dispersal of Homo erectus about 1.7 million years ago (Acheulean).[22] While it is undisputed that Homo erectus were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of Homo erectus from its australopithecine ancestors, including the production of
There is no direct evidence for hunting predating Homo erectus, in either Homo habilis or in Australopithecus. The early
Stone spearheads dated as early as 500,000 years ago were found in South Africa.[29] Wood does not preserve well, however, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the University of Southern California, has suggested that the discovery of spear use by chimpanzees probably means that early humans used wooden spears as well, perhaps, five million years ago.[30] The earliest dated find of surviving wooden hunting spears dates to the very end of the Lower Paleolithic, about 300,000 years ago. The Schöningen spears, found in 1976 in Germany, are associated with Homo heidelbergensis.[31]
The
Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic


Evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple, or possibly main,
Humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.[36][37][38]
Hunting was a crucial component of hunter-gatherer societies before the

Many species of animals have been hunted throughout history. One theory is that in North America and

Neolithic and Antiquity



Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting usually remained a significant contributor to the human food-supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included
Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or for agriculture.[42] For example, Inuit in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.
On ancient

With the domestication of the dog,
Pastoral and agricultural societies
Even as agriculture and animal husbandry became more prevalent, hunting often remained as a part of human culture where the environment and social conditions allowed. Hunter-gatherer societies persisted, even when increasingly confined to marginal areas. And within agricultural systems, hunting served to kill animals that prey upon domestic and wild animals or to attempt to extirpate animals seen by humans as competition for resources such as water or forage.
When hunting moved from a subsistence activity to a selective one, two trends emerged:
- the development of the role of the specialist hunter, with special training and equipment
- the option of hunting as a "sport" for members of an upper social class
The meaning of the word game in
In most parts of
In medieval Europe, hunting was considered by
Use of dog

Although various other animals have been used to aid the hunter, such as
Dogs today are used to find, chase, retrieve, and sometimes kill game. Dogs allow humans to pursue and kill prey that would otherwise be very difficult or dangerous to hunt. Different breeds of specifically bred hunting dog are used for different types of hunting. Waterfowl are commonly hunted using retrieving dogs such as the Labrador Retriever, the Golden Retriever, the Chesapeake Bay Retriever, the Brittany Spaniel, and other similar breeds. Game birds are flushed out using flushing spaniels such as the English Springer Spaniel, the various Cocker Spaniels and similar breeds.
The hunting of wild mammals in England and Wales with dogs was banned under the Hunting Act 2004. The wild mammals include fox, hare, deer and mink. There are, however, exceptions in the Act.[49] Nevertheless, there have been numerous attempts on behalf of activists, pressure groups, etc. to revoke the act over the last two decades.[50] [51] [52]
Religion
Many prehistoric deities are depicted as predators or prey of humans, often in a
In many pagan religions, specific rituals are conducted before or after a hunt; the rituals done may vary according to the species hunted or the season the hunt is taking place.[citation needed] Often a hunting ground, or the hunt for one or more species, was reserved or prohibited in the context of a temple cult.[citation needed] In Roman religion, Diana is the goddess of the hunt.[53]
Indian and Eastern religions

In
. However, among modern Sikhs, the practice of hunting has died down; some even saying that all meat is forbidden.Christianity, Judaism, and Islam


From
Ferraris gives it as the general sense of canonists that hunting is allowed to clerics if it be indulged in rarely and for sufficient cause, as necessity, utility or "honest" recreation, and with that moderation which is becoming to the ecclesiastical state. Ziegler, however, thinks that the interpretation of the canonists is not in accordance with the letter or spirit of the laws of the church.[57]
Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting
Hunting is not forbidden in
Islamic Sharia Law permits hunting of lawful animals and birds if they cannot be easily caught and slaughtered. However, this is only for the purpose of food and not for trophy hunting.[62]
National traditions
East Africa

A safari, from a
Hunters are usually tourists, accompanied by licensed and highly regulated professional hunters, local guides, skinners, and porters in more difficult terrains.[citation needed] A special safari type is the solo-safari, where all the license acquiring, stalking, preparation, and outfitting is done by the hunter himself.[67]
Indian subcontinent

During the
Regional
The practice among the soldiers in British India during the 1770s of going out to hunt
United Kingdom
Unarmed
These forms of hunting have been controversial in the UK.
Shooting traditions
Game birds, especially pheasants, are shot with shotguns for sport in the UK; the British Association for Shooting and Conservation says that over a million people per year participate in shooting, including game shooting, clay pigeon shooting, and target shooting.[77] Shooting as practiced in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been
A similar tradition, ojeo [es], exists in Spain.
United States
North American hunting pre-dates the United States by thousands of years and was an important part of many
Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for
Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight per cent of Americans supported legal hunting,
The principles of the fair chase[82] have been a part of the American hunting tradition for over one hundred years. The role of the hunter-conservationist, popularised by Theodore Roosevelt, and perpetuated by Roosevelt's formation of the Boone and Crockett Club, has been central to the development of the modern fair chase tradition. Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethic and Tradition of Hunting, a book by Jim Posewitz, describes fair chase:
"Fundamental to ethical hunting is the idea of fair chase. This concept addresses the balance between the hunter and the hunted. It is a balance that allows hunters to occasionally succeed while animals generally avoid being taken."[83]
When
Animals such as
Russia
The

Australia
Hunting in
.New Zealand
New Zealand has a strong hunting culture.
Iran
Iranian tradition regarded hunting as an essential part of a prince's education,[90] and hunting was well recorded for the education of the upper-class youths during pre-Islamic Persia. As of October 2020, a hunting licensee costs $20,000. The Department of Environment although do not report the number of permits issued.[91]
Japan
The numbers of licensed hunters in
Trinidad and Tobago
There is a very active tradition of hunting small to medium-sized wild game in
Wildlife management

Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool[93][94] in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[95]
In some cases, hunting actually can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population.
In the United States, wildlife managers are frequently part of hunting regulatory and licensing bodies, where they help to set rules on the number, manner and conditions in which game may be hunted.
Management agencies sometimes rely on hunting to control specific animal populations, as has been the case with deer in North America. These hunts may sometimes be carried out by professional shooters, although others may include amateur hunters. Many US city and local governments hire professional and amateur hunters each year to reduce populations of animals such as deer that are becoming hazardous in a restricted area, such as neighbourhood parks and metropolitan open spaces.
A large part of managing populations involves managing the number and, sometimes, the size or age of animals harvested so as to ensure the sustainability of the population. Tools that are frequently used to control harvest are bag limits and season closures, although gear restrictions such as archery-only seasons are becoming increasingly popular in an effort to reduce hunter success rates in countries that rely on bag limits per hunter instead of per area.[97][98][99][100]
Laws
Illegal hunting and harvesting of wild species contrary to local and international
Right to hunt
The right to hunt—sometimes in combination with the right to fish—is protected implicitly, as a consequence of the right of ownership,[102] or explicitly, as a right on its own,[103][104] in a number of jurisdictions. For instance, as of 2019, a total of 22 U.S. states explicitly recognize a subjective right to hunt in their constitutions.[104][105]
Bag limits

Bag limits are provisions under the law that control how many animals of a given species or group of species can be killed, although there are often species for which bag limits do not apply. There are also
Where bag limits are used, there can be daily or seasonal bag limits; for example, ducks can often be harvested at a rate of six per hunter per day.[106] Big game, like moose, most often have a seasonal bag limit of one animal per hunter.[citation needed] Bag limits may also regulate the size, sex, or age of animal that a hunter can kill. In many cases, bag limits are designed to allocate harvest among the hunting population more equitably rather than to protect animal populations, as protecting the population would necessitate regional density-dependent maximum bags.
Closed and open season
A
Methods



Historical, subsistence, and sport hunting techniques can differ radically, with modern hunting regulations often addressing issues of where, when, and how hunts are conducted. Techniques may vary depending on government regulations, a hunter's personal ethics, local custom, hunting equipment, and the animal being hunted. Often a hunter will use a combination of more than one technique. Laws may forbid sport hunters from using some methods used primarily in poaching and wildlife management.
- Baiting is the use of decoys, lures, scent, or food.
- Battue involves scaring animals (by beating sticks) into a killing zone or ambush.
- Beagling is the use of beagles in hunting rabbits, and sometimes in hunting foxes.
- Beating uses human beaters to flush out game from an area or drive it into position.
- Stand hunting or blind hunting is waiting for animals from a concealed or elevated position, for example from tree stands, hunting blinds or other types of shooting stands.
- Calling is the use of animal noises to attract or drive animals.
- Camouflage is the use of visual or odour concealment to blend with the environment.
- Dogs may be used to course or to help flush, herd, drive, track, point at, pursue, or retrieve prey.
- Driving is the herding of animals in a particular direction, usually toward another hunter in the group.
- Falconry is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey.
- Flushing is the practice of scaring animals from concealed areas.
- Ghillie suit is a type of gear a person can wear to blend with environment.[108]
- Glassing is the use of optics, such as binoculars, to locate animals more easily.
- Glue is an indiscriminate passive form to kill birds.[109]
- Internet hunting is a method of hunting over the Internet using webcams and remotely controlled guns.
- Netting involves using cannon nets and rocket nets.
- Persistence hunting is the use of running and tracking to pursue the prey to exhaustion.[110]
- Posting is done by sitting or standing in a particular place with the intentions of intercepting your game of choice along their travel corridor.[111]
- Scouting for game is typically done prior to a hunt and will ensure the desired species are in a chosen area. Looking for animal sign such as tracks, scat, etc.... and utilizing "trail cameras" are commonly used tactics while scouting.
- Shooting is the use of a ranged weapon such as a gun, bow, crossbow, or slingshot.
- Solunar theory says that animals move according to the location of the moon in comparison to their bodies and is said to have been used long before this by hunters to know the best times to hunt their desired game.[112]
- Spotlighting or shining is the use of artificial light to find or blind animals before killing.
- Stalking or still hunting is the practice of walking quietly in search of animals or in pursuit of an individual animal.
- Tracking is the practice of reading physical evidence in pursuing animals.
- deadfallsto capture or kill an animal.
Statistics
Table
Country | Hunters | Population
(millions) |
Hunters as percentage of
the total population |
Relation
hunters/inhabitants |
Area (km2) | Hunters per km2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
2,482,678 | 34.7 | 7.15 | 1:14 | 9,984,670 | 0.25 |
![]() |
308,000 | 5.2 | 5.92 | 1:17 | 338,448 | 0.91 |
![]() |
45,000 | 0.8 | 5.63 | 1:18 | 5,896 | 7.63 |
![]() |
190,000 | 4.7 | 4.04 | 1:25 | 385,207 | 0.49 |
![]() |
15,000 | 0.4 | 3.75 | 1:27 | 316 | 47.47 |
![]() |
11,453,000 | 323.1 | 3.54 | 1:28 | 9,826,675 | 1.17 |
![]() |
290,000 | 9.0 | 3.22 | 1:31 | 447,435 | 0.65 |
![]() |
165,000 | 5.5 | 3.00 | 1:33 | 42,921 | 3.84 |
![]() |
104,000 | 4.2 | 2.48 | 1:46 | 70,273 | 1.48 |
![]() |
235,000 | 10.7 | 2.20 | 1:46 | 131,957 | 1.78 |
![]() |
980,000 | 45.0 | 2.18 | 1:46 | 505,970 | 1.94 |
![]() |
230,000 | 10.7 | 2.15 | 1:47 | 92,212 | 2.49 |
![]() |
1,331,000 | 64.1 | 2.08 | 1:48 | 543,965 | 2.45 |
![]() |
2,800,000 | 143.2 | 1.96 | 1:51 | 17,125,200 | 0.16 |
![]() |
110,000 | 7.7 | 1.43 | 1:70 | 110,994 | 0.99 |
![]() |
118,000 | 8.3 | 1.42 | 1:70 | 83,879 | 1.41 |
![]() |
800,000 | 61.1 | 1.31 | 1:76 | 242,495 | 3.30 |
![]() |
750,000 | 58.1 | 1.29 | 1:77 | 301,338 | 2.49 |
![]() |
16,600 | 1.3 | 1.28 | 1:78 | 45,339 | 0.37 |
![]() |
55,000 | 4.5 | 1.22 | 1:82 | 56,594 | 0.97 |
![]() |
22,000 | 2.0 | 1.10 | 1:91 | 20,273 | 1.09 |
![]() |
25,000 | 2.3 | 1.09 | 1:92 | 64,589 | 0.39 |
![]() |
110,000 | 10.2 | 1.08 | 1:93 | 78,866 | 1.39 |
![]() |
55,000 | 5.4 | 1.02 | 1:98 | 49,034 | 1.12 |
![]() |
32,000 | 3.6 | 0.89 | 1:113 | 65,300 | 0.49 |
![]() |
55,000 | 9.9 | 0.56 | 1:180 | 93,036 | 0.59 |
![]() |
351,000 | 82.5 | 0.43 | 1:235 | 357,578 | 0.98 |
![]() |
2,000 | 0.5 | 0.40 | 1:250 | 2,586 | 0.77 |
![]() |
30,000 | 7.6 | 0.39 | 1:253 | 41,285 | 0.73 |
![]() |
106,000 | 38.5 | 0.28 | 1:363 | 312,696 | 0.34 |
![]() |
60,000 | 22.2 | 0.27 | 1:370 | 238,391 | 0.25 |
![]() |
23,000 | 10.4 | 0.22 | 1:452 | 30,688 | 0.75 |
![]() |
28,170 | 16.7 | 0.17 | 1:593 | 41,543 | 0.68 |
Graph
Trophy hunting


Trophy hunting is the selective seeking and killing of wild game animals to take
History
In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed]
Conservation tool
According to the
A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism."[121] However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."[122]
Financial incentives from trophy hunting effectively more than double the land area that is used for wildlife conservation, relative to what would be conserved relying on national parks alone according to Biological Conservation,[121] although local communities usually derive no more than 18 cents per hectare from trophy hunting.[122]
Trophy hunting has been considered essential for providing economic incentives to conserve large carnivores according to research studies in Conservation Biology,[123] Journal of Sustainable Tourism,[124] Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use,[125] and Animal Conservation.[123][126] Studies by the Centre for Responsible Tourism[127] and the IUCN state that ecotourism, which includes more than hunting, is a superior economic incentive, generating twice the revenue per acre and 39 times more permanent employment.[128] At the cross-section of trophy hunting, ecotourism and conservation is green hunting, a trophy hunting alternative where hunters pay to dart animals that need to be tranquilized for conservation projects.[129]
The
According to a national survey that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts every five years, fewer people are hunting, even as population rises. National Public Radio reported, a graph shows 2016 statistics, that only about 5 per cent of Americans, 16 years old and older, actually hunt, which is half of what it was 50 years ago. The decline in popularity of hunting is expected to accelerate over the next decade, which threatens how US will pay for conservation. [132]
Controversy
Trophy hunting is most often criticised when it involves rare or
There is also debate about the extent to which trophy hunting benefits the
Economics
A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In
In the United Kingdom, the game hunting of birds as an industry is said to be extremely important to the rural economy. The Cobham Report of 1997 suggested it to be worth around £700 million, and hunting and shooting lobby groups claimed it to be worth over a billion pounds less than ten years later.[citation needed]
Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[141] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat.
Hunting contributes to a portion of caloric intake of people and may have positive impacts on greenhouse gas emissions by avoidance of utilization of meat raised under industrial methods.[142]
Environmental problems

Lead bullets that miss their target or remain in an unretrieved carcass could become a toxicant in the environment but lead in ammunition because of its metallic form has a lower solubility and higher resistance to corrosion than other forms of lead making it hardly available to biological systems.[143] Waterfowl or other birds may ingest the lead and poison themselves with the neurotoxicant, but studies have demonstrated that effects of lead in ammunition are negligible on animal population size and growth.[144][145] Since 1991, US federal law forbids lead shot in waterfowl hunts, and 30 states have some type of restriction.[146]
In December 2014, a federal appeals court denied a lawsuit by environmental groups that the
Conservation
![]() | This article may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. (May 2012) |

Hunters have been driving forces throughout history in the movement to ensure the preservation of
Legislation

Pittman–Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937
In 1937, American hunters successfully lobbied the US Congress to pass the
Federal Duck Stamp program
On 16 March 1934,
Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for
Species
Arabian oryx
The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East.[155] Native Bedouin tribes had long hunted the oryx using camels and arrows. Oil exploration made the habitat increasingly accessible, and the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, including foreign executives of oil companies.[172] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered.[173] However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts like captive breeding.[174]
Markhor
The markhor is an endangered species of wild goat which inhabits the mountains of Central Asia and Pakistan. The colonization of these regions by Britain gave British sport hunters access to the species, and they were hunted heavily, almost to the point of extinction. Only their willingness to breed in captivity and the inhospitability of their mountainous habitat prevented this. Despite these factors, the markhor is still endangered.[175]
American bison
The
White rhino
The Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy cites that the legalization of white rhinoceros hunting in South Africa motivated private landowners to reintroduce the species onto their lands. As a result, the country saw an increase in white rhinos from fewer than one hundred individuals to more than 11,000, even while a limited number were killed as trophies.[177]
However, the illegal hunting of rhinoceros for their horns is highly damaging to the population and is currently growing globally,[178] with 1004 being killed in South Africa alone according to the most recent estimate.[179] The White Rhino (along with the other 4 rhino species) are poached due to beliefs that the Rhinos horns can be used to cure Cancer, Arthritis and other diseases and illnesses, even though they are scientifically proven wrong.[180]
Other species
According to Richard Conniff, Namibia is home to 1,750 of the roughly 5,000 black rhinos surviving in the wild because it allows trophy hunting of various species. Namibia's mountain zebra population has increased to 27,000 from 1,000 in 1982. Elephants, which "are gunned down elsewhere for their ivory", have gone to 20,000 from 15,000 in 1995. Lions, which were on the brink of extinction "from Senegal to Kenya", are increasing in Namibia.[181]
In contrast, Botswana in 2012 banned trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline.[182] The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame.[183] Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."[184] In 2020, Botswana reopened trophy hunting on public lands.[185]
Studies

A study published by the
Although deforestation and forest degradation have long been considered the most significant threats to tropical biodiversity, across Southeast Asia (Northeast India, Indochina, Sundaland, Philippines) substantial areas of natural habitat have few wild animals (>1 kg), bar a few hunting‐tolerant species.[187][188][189]
Opposition
It has been argued by animal rights activists that killing animals for sport is unethical, cruel, and unnecessary.
Whether hunters try to justify their killing by citing human deaths caused by wild animals, by making conservationist claims, by claiming that it's acceptable to hunt as long as the animals' bodies are eaten, or simply because of the pleasure it brings them, the fact remains that hunting is morally unacceptable if we consider the interests of nonhuman animals. Hunted animals endure fear and pain, and then are deprived of their lives. Understanding the injustices of speciesism and the interests of nonhuman animals makes it clear that human pleasure cannot justify nonhuman animals' pain.[17]
In the arts
-
Hunting in the papyrus thicket, mural from a tomb in Thebes, Egypt, before 1350 BC
-
TheStag hunt mosaic, c. 300 BC, Pella, Greece
-
Man hunting a boar, Roman mosaic, 4th century AD
-
Illustration from the falconry book De arte venandi cum avibus written by Emperor Frederick II, c. 1245
-
Vittore Carpaccio, Caccia in laguna (Hunt in the Lagoon), c. 1490
-
Piero di Cosimo,
A Hunting Scene, 1508 -
Lucas Cranach the Elder, A Stag Hunt with the Elector Friedrich the Wise, 1529
-
Peter Paul Rubens, Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt, c. 1615
-
Peter Paul Rubens, Tiger and Lion Hunt, 1618
-
Charles André van Loo, Halte de chasse (Halt During the Hunt), 1737
-
Francisco Goya, The Quail Shoot, 1775
-
Edward Walhouse Mark, Caimán del Magadalena, 1843 - 1856
-
Gustave Courbet, The Hunt Breakfast, 1858
-
Eugène Delacroix, Chasse au lion (Lion Hunt), 1858
See also
- Poaching
- Anti-hunting
- Bambi effect
- Big five game
- Big-game hunting
- Blood sport
- Bowhunting
- Chase
- Defaunation
- Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU
- Game (hunting)
- Human hunting
- Hunt Saboteurs Association (HSA)
- Hunting horn
- Hunting weapon
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hunting [...] the activity of following and killing wild animals for sport
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hunting [...] chasing and killing an animal or bird for food, sport, or profit
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Hunting, sport that involves the seeking, pursuing, and killing of wild animals and birds, called game and game birds, [...]
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Further reading
- International Journal of Environmental Studies (2013) Special Edition: Conservation and Hunting in North America. IJES v 70. Archived 8 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- International Journal of Environmental Studies (2015) Special Edition: Conservation and Hunting in North America II. IJES v72. Archived 9 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- IUCN (2016) Briefing Paper: Informing Decisions on Trophy Hunting. Archived 4 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- IUCN Species Survival Commission (2012) Guiding Principles on Trophy Hunting as a Tool for Creating Conservation Incentives. Archived 13 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Dickson D. Bruce Jr., Mississippi Quarterly (Spring 1977).
- Kenneth S. Greenberg, Honor and Slavery: Lies, Duels, Noses, Masks, Dressing as a Woman, Gifts, Strangers, Humanitarianism, Death, Slave Rebellions, the Pro-Slavery Argument, Baseball, Hunting, and Gambling in the Old South (1996).
- Steven Hahn, Radical History Review (1982).
- Charles H. Hudson Jr., in Indians, Animals, and the Fur Trade, ed., Shephard Krech III (1981).
- Stuart A. Marks, Southern Hunting in Black and White: Nature, History, and Ritual in a Carolina Community (1991).
- Ted Ownby, Subduing Satan: Religion, Recreation, and Manhood in the Rural South, 1865–1920 (1990).
- Wiley C. Prewitt, "The Best of All Breathing: Hunting and Environmental Change in Mississippi, 1900–1980" M.A. thesis, (1991).
- Nicolas W. Proctor, Bathed in Blood: Hunting and Mastery in the Old South (2002).
- Jacob F. Rivers III, Cultural Values in the Southern Sporting Narrative (2002).
- Salem, D.J., and A.N. Rowan, eds. 2003. The State of the Animals II: 2003 Archived 24 March 2012 at the ISBN 0-9658942-7-4)
- Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500–1800 (1990).
- Richard C. Stedman and Thomas A. Heberlein, Rural Sociology (2001). Hunting and rural socialization: Contingent effects of the rural setting on hunting participation.
- Nancy L. Struna, People of Prowess: Sport, Leisure, and Labor in Early Anglo-America (1996).
- Marek Zukow-Karczewski, Polowania w dawnej Polsce (Hunting in the old Poland), "AURA" (A Monthly for the protection and shaping of human environment) 12 (1990).
External links
Media related to Hunting at Wikimedia Commons
- The Theodore Roosevelt Hunting Library at the Library of Congress has 254 items on this topic.