Bermudo II of León

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Bermudo II
Basilica of San Isidoro
ConsortVelasquita Ramírez
Elvira García
IssueAlfonso V
DynastyAstur-Leonese dynasty
FatherOrdoño III of León
MotherUrraca Fernández (?)
ReligionChalcedonian Christianity

Bermudo (or Vermudo) II (c. 953 – September 999), called the Gouty (

Gudesteus of Oviedo in the 990s and blames the attacks of Almanzor on Bermudo's sins.[2]

Reign

In 982 the Galician nobility proclaimed Bermudo, a son of former king

Celanova and San Martín de Lalín, respectively, at this time.[3]

Because his support was limited and regional, Bermudo required the protection of the

Castile in his early years and the Cordoban armies of Almanzor came, not as allies, but as conquerors.[4] Between November 991 and September 992 Vermudo was expelled from the kingdom by a revolt led by the magnates Gonzalo Vermúdez, Munio Fernández, and count Pelayo Rodríguez. He was soon restored and reconciled to the discontents.[5] On 8 August 994 Bermudo gave the village of Veiga to the monastery of Celanova, the village having been built by Suario Gundemárez on land illegally appropriated from the monastery. Suario took refuge there during his later rebellion.[6] On 23 August that year the village of Morella
was granted to abbot Salvato of Celanova after it was confiscated because the murder of Fortún Velázquez had taken place there.

Bermudo eventually succeeded in recovering

León, Bermudo took refuge in Zamora. The Muslims continued their conquests, taking Astorga (996) and sacking Santiago de Compostela
(997).

In 999, the gout from which he suffered was aggravated and it became impossible for him to ride a horse. Military leader of the Christians of northwestern Spain, he subsequently travelled by litter. Later that same year he died in

Basilica of San Isidoro
.

Family

Parentage

Both the paternal and maternal parentage of Bermudo II have been subject to scholarly debate. On the paternal side, the primary chronicle sources simply call him son of king Ordoño, without specifying which former king of that name. Traditionally his father has been identified as Ordoño III and the modern consensus agrees with this assignment, but at least one prominent modern Leonese historian, Manuel Carriedo Tejedo, has concluded that he instead was son of Ordoño IV.[7] The question is seemingly resolved by a charter in the cartulary of Santa María de Carracedo, in which Bermudo names his father Ordoño and his grandfather Ramiro, making his father Ordoño III and not Ordoño IV, the son of Alfonso.[8]

Controversy also exists over the identity of his mother. Traditionally he has been viewed as son of Ordoño III's documented wife, Urraca Fernández. Bishop Pelagius relates that Bermudo was born to a second wife of Ordoño, named Elvira, but since no such queen appears in charters or any other record outside of the Bishop's account, she probably did not exist. In a royal charter dated 5 January 999, Bermudo refers to his avo (grandfather, or by extension, ancestor), the count Gonzalo Betótez of Deza. As Bermudo's traditional pedigree would provide no such relationship, Justo Pérez de Urbel suggested that he was instead an illegitimate son of Ordoño III, with the relationship coming through his mother. Based on political considerations and a second ambiguous documented kinship, he provisionally identified the mother as either Aragonta or Guntroda, daughters of Pelayo González, count of Deza, who was son of count Gonzalo.[9] He has been followed in this by several historians, but others find the evidence lacking and retain the traditional view of his mother. The identification of Bermudo's first queen, Velasquita Ramírez, as a grandniece of count Pelayo allows the possibility that Bermudo was referring to count Gonzalo as ancestor of his wife and not his own blood ancestor,[10] but he was already divorced from Velasquita at the time he executed the charter in question.

Children

By his first wife,

Elvira García, daughter of the Castilian count García Fernández, with whom he had three children: Alfonso, who succeeded him; Theresa; and Sancha. He also had three bastards: Elvira, Pelayo, and Ordoño
, who married Fronilde, daughter of the aforementioned count Pelayo Rodríguez.

References

  1. ^ José-Luis Martín (1965), "Pelayo Rodríguez, obispo de Santiago (977–985)", Anuario de estudios medievales, 2, 474 n47: el pobre rey atormentado en la vida por la espada de Almanzor y en muerte por la pluma vengadora de un obispo.
  2. ^ Simon Barton and Richard A. Fletcher (2000), The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 72–73.
  3. ^ Emilio Sáez Sánchez (1946), "Notas al episcopologio minduniense del siglo X", Hispania, 6(22), 47–8 n180.
  4. ^ J. M. Ruiz Asencio (1968), "Campañas de Almanzor contra el reino de León (981–986)", Anuario de estudios medievales, 5, 31–64.
  5. ^ Jaime de Salazar y Acha (1989), "El conde Fernando Peláez, un rebelde leonés del siglo XI", Anuario de estudios medievales, 19, 87-97.
  6. ^ Antonio Palomeque Torres (1948), "Episcopologio de la Sede de Oviedo durante el siglo X", Hispania sacra, 1:2, 295.
  7. ^ Manuel Carriedo Tejedo (1981), "La Version de la "Historia Silense" Sobre la Filiacion de Vermudo II", Tierras de León: Revista de la Diputación Provincial, 21(44), 38-44.
  8. ^ Jaime de Salazar y Acha, "Reflexiones e hipótesis sobre algunas incógnitas genealógicas de la antigua dinastía astureonesa", Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, 210(2), 275-296.
  9. ^ Justo Pérez de Urbel (1949), "Los Padres de Vermudo II el Gotoso", Revista de Archivos, Biblotecas y Museos 55, 289-307.
  10. ^ Manuel Rubén García Álvarez (1960), "¿La Reina Velasquita, nieta de Muniadomna Díaz?" Archived 2013-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Revista de Guimarães 70, 197-230.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bermudo II of León.
  • M. Calleja Puerta (1999), "Una generación leonesa del siglo XII: la descendencia de Vermudo II en la obra cronística de Pelayo de Oviedo", La nobleza peninsular en la Edad Media (León), 527-540.
Bermudo II of León
Born: c. 953 Died: 999
Preceded by
King of Galicia

982–999 		Succeeded by
King of León

984–999
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