Brynhild Olivier
Brynhild Olivier | |
---|---|
Born | 20 May 1887 Bloomsbury, London, England[1] |
Died | 13 January 1935 London, England | (aged 47)
Resting place | West Wittering |
Nationality | English |
Other names | List
|
Spouses |
A. E. Popham (m. 1912–1924)
F. R. G. N. Sherrard
(m. 1924–1935) |
Children | |
Parents |
|
Relatives | List
|
Brynhild Olivier (20 May 1887 – 13 January 1935) was one of four sisters noted for their progressive ideas, beauty and associations with both
Brynhild Olivier was married twice, first to the art historian,
Family of origin
The
Margaret Cox was one of nine children of Judge
The Oliviers were one of the founders of what came to be known as the "aristocracy of the left", a group associated with the rise of the
Childhood and education (1887–1907)
The Oliviers, who married in 1885, had four children:
- Margery (April 1886 – 1974)
- Brynhild (May 1887 – 1935)
- Daphne (October 1889 – 1950)
- Noël (December 1892 – 1969)
Brynhild was born in
Like the other children in the community, the three older girls, Margery, Bryn and Daphne were all
Sydney Olivier's duties in the Caribbean would continue to take him away from home.[25][6] Following his appointment as Colonial Administrator of Jamaica (1899–1904) he decided to summon the family to join him there in 1900, for the remainder of his term.[26] In 1907, Sir Sydney Olivier, as he had now become, left with Lady Margaret Olivier to take up the governorship of Jamaica, a position he maintained till 1913.[6] Margery, now 21 was put in charge of bringing up her three younger sisters. For the next few years the sisters' lives were divided between England and Jamaica, keeping their mother company and performing official functions at Government House.[9]
All four daughters (and their parents) were considered striking in their appearance, but Brynhild was considered the beauty of the family.[10][27] They had also developed a reputation for unconventionality that would later come to the attention of Rupert Brooke's very protective mother, when it was reported to her: "The Oliviers! They'd do anything, those girls!".[6] Their reputation would also lead D. H. Lawrence to warn David Garnett they were "unclean".[28] Of the four sisters, Bryn was the only one not to successfully pursue higher education, abandoning her studies at the Royal College of Art, when her parents returned to Jamaica.[29][d]
Cambridge, Rupert Brooke and the Neo-pagans (1907–1912)
Bryn first came to the attention of
Shortly afterwards, Bryn joined her parents in Jamaica where she spent most of 1908. In May of that year[38] Brooke met the rest of the Oliviers when the Cambridge Fabians gave a dinner in honour of Sir Sydney, at which both he and Lady Margaret, together with Margery, Daphne and Noël attended, while Bryn remained in Jamaica. Brooke was seated opposite the fifteen year old Noël, wearing her school uniform,[39][40] and although Bryn was reputedly the most beautiful, it would be her younger sister that Brooke would then pursue the most.[10][41]
In July 1908, Rupert Brooke's production of Milton's Comus at Cambridge brought in many of the Newnham women to assist, and Noël was also recruited to clean paint brushes. All four daughters attended the production, and Brooke decided he was in love with Noël. Brooke then took to turning up at Bedales, Limpsfield and wherever he knew the Olivier girls might be.[42] He and Noël began a flirtatious correspondence, becoming secretly engaged two years later. Their relationship became the source of many of his poems.[43][10] Jacques Raverat, who described Bryn as having "the startled beauty of a nymph taken by surprise", formed the impression that Brooke was in love with all four sisters at once,[44] and they with him.[6] Brooke used his association with Margery in the Fabian Society to pursue the other daughters.[10]
It was around this production that the loose association of friends, later dubbed Neo-pagans by the
In 1909, camping and the outdoor life was coming into fashion, and for undergraduates replacing the reading parties,
Another one of Brooke's circle, Godwin Baynes, a medical student at Trinity and a rowing blue, was also present. The attraction that Bryn felt for Baynes was described in Brooke's poem Jealousy[54] but when Baynes proposed shortly afterwards, she refused him.[55] Among other considerations in this decision was that Bryn was aware that her cousin Rosalind Thornycroft[g] considered herself Baynes' intended.[29] Baynes was not prepared to wait indefinitely, and at Easter 1910 he proposed to Rosalind while rock climbing in Wales, and was accepted.[i][57][58] In the summer of 1909, Brooke also invited the Olivier sisters to his parents' summer home at Clevedon, on the Severn, much to his mother's consternation. In particular, Bryn demonstrated total disregard of etiquette and convention. Margery noted "It's such a responsibility taking Bryn about...people always fall in love with her". Mrs. Brooke's summary of the event was that "they are pretty, I suppose, but not all clever; they're shocking flirts and their manners are disgraceful".[59] As a core member of the Neo-pagans Bryn was one of those who thought up the group's solemn pact to reunite at Basel Station on 1 May 1933, to start a new life, and reject growing old like their parents.[60]
By 1910, Bryn, now twenty-three realised she had no formal education or vocation and no immediate prospect of marriage. She had tried painting and for a while was apprenticed to a jeweller in Kent with a view to opening her own studio but found the work hard on her eyes, and incompatible with the long summer vacations she had become used to. Her mother was keen to keep her daughters close to her, and Bryn agreed to take Margery and Daphne's place in Jamaica when they returned to England in October. Before she left, she confided her unhappiness to Hugh Popham, who incorrectly took it as an invitation to propose, but she was not yet ready for that, and he was still only an undergraduate.[61] Meanwhile, Brooke was contemplating whether he could have both Bryn and Noël on their summer excursions, but it was the latter he would soon propose to.[62] In August of that year, the Neo-pagans staged a performance of Marlowe's Faustus at Cambridge, in which Bryn was cast as Helen of Troy in a low cut robe and hair highlighted with powdered gold (see illustration), Brooke as the Chorus, Ka Cox as Gluttony and Noël was an understudy.[62]
In May 1911, Bryn returned to England from Jamaica with her father. She had found the time in Jamaica frustrating because the native population would not pose nude for her to paint. She kept Popham at bay, declining his invitation to
In 1912, Brooke was recovering from a mental breakdown following his realisation that Ka Cox's interests might lie elsewhere. He was despairing of Noël, was feeling suicidal and started to again consider Bryn as his primary love interest. He wrote to her while she was rock climbing in Wales and asked her to join him and take care of him, which she did, although he read far more into this than she did. They then returned to London together, joining Virginia Stephen, before travelling on to Limpsfield. At the time, Virginia commented that Bryn "has a glass eye – one can imagine her wiping it bright in the morning with a duster", referring to a perceived insensitivity. At Limpsfield, Noël and Bryn pleaded with Brooke not to travel to Germany. In particular, Bryn urged him to respect his "Duty as an English Poet" to remain in England. Brook's instinctive response was to propose to her.[67] In the end, Brooke went to Germany with Ka Cox. There, he received a firm refusal from Bryn forty days later. At Bank she had confided to him that at nineteen she had fallen in love, but had "cauterised" her passion and retained a firm self control since.[68]
Marriage (1912–1935)
When Bryn turned twenty-five in 1912, she once more took stock of her life and came to a realisation that marriage and children were things she would need to consider. Her parents were returning to Jamaica, and she had more or less abandoned her dreams of a jewellery studio. Of the possible Neo-pagan suitors, she had turned down Hugh Popham in October 1910 and avoided him since. But now, although two years her junior, he had a secure job as an art historian in the Prints Department at the British Museum and a London flat.[56] She proposed to him in July, but he needed little encouragement to accept, inquiring of her how she felt about "children and sexual matters".[69]
In August when the Neo-pagans met at Everleigh, Wiltshire, Brooke again tried to engage Bryn's affections, but discovered that if she did go sailing with him she would bring Popham. Frustrated, she informed him that she and Hugh Popham were to be married.[70] Despite this news, Brooke unsuccessfully persisted in trying to get her to have an affair with him. Instead she went rock-climbing with Hugh,[71] becoming increasingly exasperated with Brooke's emotional immaturity, confiding to James Strachey "He's evidently got to get through this – what ever this is, by himself...One comes away feeling baffled and exhausted".[k][72]
Rupert Brooke was not the only one devastated by Bryn's engagement. Her sister Margery, who was starting to have delusional thoughts, had also considered Hugh Popham as a suitable husband.[73] Brooke was invited to the wedding, but declined,[74] although later he sent the couple two Gwen Raverat woodcuts as a wedding present.[75]
Brynhild Popham (1912–1924)
After an engagement of two and a half months, Bryn and Hugh were married on 3 October 1912, not without some misgivings. Her parents were in Jamaica and did not attend, nor did Brooke, who instead sent her a letter bewailing all their lost opportunities. The wedding took place at a
War years (1914–1918)
The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 was greeted with horror by most of their circle.[83] Hugh Popham, on the other hand, welcomed it, enlisting as a volunteer in the London Regiment of the Territorial Force and was posted to Roehampton. The war first touched the Olivier sisters with the death of Rupert Brooke on 23 April 1915. But it was not so much Brooke's passing that disturbed them as the glorification of Brooke for propaganda purposes into someone they did not recognise. This was a process they refused to cooperate with.[84] While Margery and Daphne were pacifists, with Hugh in uniform Bryn was more ambivalent, describing herself as "a patriot" she wrote "I can believe that there are things worth dying for".[16] By May 1915, Zeppelin incendiary raids were terrifying the inhabitants of Bloomsbury, while at times the heavy gunfire from France could also be heard.[85]
In June 1916, their daughter Andy was born and conscription extended to include married men. Bryn, meanwhile busied herself with volunteer work.[86] Hugh received a commission in the Royal Naval Air Service, then the Royal Flying Corps and was posted to RNAS Killingholme in the north of England. They decided to let Caroline Place and find a house near the base. Once more the realities of war were brought home, when Hugh, pursuing a German raider, was forced to ditch into the North Sea.[87]
In May 1917, Hugh was posted to
In October 1917, Bryn became convinced that it was in Margery's interests to be out of London. The Oliviers knew of an Irish doctor, Dr Caesar Sherrard (1853–1920), ho had a farm at Tatsfield, Surrey, where he cared for soldiers affected by shell shock by having them work the land. Tatsfield, a village on the North Downs, overlooked Limpsfield, about four miles from the Olivier country home, The Champions. With great difficulty Bryn persuaded her sister to join her there, where they took a cottage on the farm and joined the workforce.[89] It was there that the sisters met the doctor's colourful young nephew, Raymond Sherrard (1893–1974),[n][90] another Cambridge graduate. Sherrard was a second lieutenant in the Essex Regiment, recovering from a motorcycle accident that kept him from the front. Despite Bryn's best efforts, Margery soon transferred her fixation to Raymond Sherrard, and she asked him to stay away,[90] but this did not last long, and soon she started an affair with him.[91]
Postwar (1918–1924)
When the war ended in November 1918, Hugh was
A few years later, the Pophams moved their home to Ramsden, where Bryn's parents had retired to. Sherrard, who had recently graduated, also moved to Oxfordshire to be nearby, and eventually moved in.[96] He continued to pressure Bryn, eventually persuading her to reluctantly have his child. She did so in the hope of changing his behaviour. She soon concluded that it had made "everything ten times worse".[97]
Raymond Sherrard's child,
Divorce (1924)
The Popham's divorce case was finally heard in the courts in 1924.[s][106] The timing was unfortunate for the Olivier family. Sydney Olivier had just been appointed to cabinet, and elevated to the peerage. Divorce was still uncommon but increasing, and reported salaciously in the press. The divorce immediately created a scandal and Hugh was granted custody of his three children. At the time, Tony and Andy were in boarding school, so only Tristram was at home with his mother, but legally Bryn had little recourse. Eventually the couple came to an informal agreement. The divorce had a negative effect on the whole family, who maintained good relationships with Hugh Popham, but not with Raymond Sherrard.[107] In 1926 Hugh Popham married another of Bryn's cousins, Rosalind Thornycroft, now Baynes,[g] which Bryn described as "bloody unenterprising".[56]
Bryn had four children while she was with Hugh Popham;
- Hugh Anthony "Tony" (March 1914 – 2002)
- Tristram (2 July 1919 – 1992)
- Philip Owen Arnould (23 September 1922 – 1995), poet, translator and theologian.[u]
Brynhild Sherrard (1924–1935)
In 1924, Bryn married Sherrard, eight years her junior. Once the divorce became public and Raymond was cited as a
Bryn and Raymond Sherrard had two further children;[120]
Final illness and death (1933–1935)
Bryn became ill in late 1933, with an illness that her doctors would label a "mystery disease",
After Bryn's death, Noël, as the new owner, evicted Raymond's children and used Nunnington as a holiday home. Once again, Shaw came to the rescue, enabling the debts to be paid off. The police had to be called on a number of occasions when he attempted to retake possession. Raymond eventually remarried and died in 1974.[134][132]
See also
Notes
- ^ An honorific style of the daughters and sons of a baron
- ^ Reivilo – Olivier spelled backwards
- ^ Hence the original title of Sarah Watling's biography of the sisters, Noble Savages[17] eventually published as The Olivier Sisters. A Biography[18]
- ^ Margery and Daphne went up to Newnham, Cambridge, while Noël completed a medical degree at the London School of Medicine for Women in 1917.[30] Margery read economics (1907–1911) and got a third in her tripos,[31] while Daphne completed hers in mediaeval and modern literature in 1913.[32]
- ^ Erica Cotterill: Rupert Brooke's mother was Mary Ruth Cotterill,[33] whose brother was the author, Charles Clement Cotterill. Charles Clement Cotterill's daughter was Erica Cotterill[34]
- ^ Hugh Popham was one of Brooke's friends at King's
- ^ Sir William Hamo Thornycroft[48] She married Helton Godwin Baynes in 1913. They separated in 1920, following which she had an affair with D. H. Lawrence in Florence, and was divorced in 1921 and then married Hugh Popham in 1926 after he and Bryn were divorced in 1924. Rosalind was the inspiration for D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover, as her mother had inspired Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles[49]
- ^ Noël characteristically flouted the convention by diving in full view of everyone at a Bedalian camp
- ^ They eventually married in September 1913[56]
- ^ Thoby Stephen was an apostle,[63] though Adrian Stephen was not.[64]
- ^ Letter, 4 September 2012
- ^ Richelieu Hotel, 87 Oxford Street and Dean Street, designed by Philip Pilditch as the Tudor Hotel - see image[76]
- ^ Renamed Mecklenburgh Place in 1938, the house was taken over by Goodenough College in 1931[77]
- ^ Francis Raymond George Nason Sherrard[2]
- ^ Woolf to Jacques Raverat, Letters III, 93
- ^ Tony remained at school in England[99]
- ^ Joan Thornycroft was married to Herbert Farjeon, and mother of Annabel Farjeon
- ^ Matrimonial Causes Act 1923[104]
- ^ Royal Courts of Justice, Middlesex
- ^ Anne Olivier was Graham Bell's lover, before marrying art historian and writer Quentin Bell, a second generation member of the Bloomsbury Group. Their daughters were Virginia Nicholson and Cressida Bell. She edited the five volumes of Virginia Woolf's diaries.[108][109][110]
- ^ The fourth child, Philip, was registered with Hugh Popham as the father, but the father was actually Raymond Sherrard:[100]
- Listed Building[112]
- Listed Building[115]
- ^ Noël qualified as a physician in 1917[124]
- ^ Rigiblick, in Oberstrass, in the north east of Zurich
- Infants Hospital, Westminster[128]
- ^ Bryn's family persuaded her to change her will three days before she died. Raymond, being a bankrupt, the house would have been seized[132]
References
- ^ a b Levy 2016.
- ^ a b c Hesilrige 1931.
- ^ a b c Mariz 2004.
- ^ Herbert Tracey, The Book of the Labour Party (1925), p. 100.
- ^ M.A. Hamilton, "Sidney and Beatrice Webb". Sampson Low, Marston &Co. Ltd., London, 1932. pp. 13-14, 20, 34, 86.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bryden 1998, p. 185
- ^ Hurley 2004.
- ^ Starr 2003, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b Delany 1987, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d e Bryden 1998, p. 186
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 15.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 20.
- ^ Withers 2016.
- ^ Rowbotham 2016, p. 78.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Watling 2019, p. 137.
- ^ Cowdrey 2017.
- ^ Watling 2019.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Fowler 2008, p. 27
- ^ Wilson 2019.
- ^ Rowbotham 2016.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 9,23.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. xii.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 55.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. ix.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 147.
- ^ a b Watling 2019, p. 67.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 198.
- ^ Marshall 1996, p. 174
- ^ Lewis 2009, p. 779
- ^ King's Cambridge: Ruth 2018.
- ^ King's Cambridge: Erica 2018.
- ^ Jones 2014, p. 74
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Caesar 1993, pp. 24–25
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 34.
- ^ Chainey 1995, p. 211
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 36.
- ^ Jones 2014, p. 83
- ^ a b Delany 1987, p. 127.
- ^ Harris 1991.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 41.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 195–196.
- ^ Janus 2008.
- ^ Victorian Artists 2018.
- ^ Jansen 2003, pp. 28–29
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 88.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 32.
- ^ Lowe 2011.
- ^ Delany 1987, Illustration note, pp. 174–175.
- ^ Brooke 1909.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 66–69.
- ^ a b c Sorensen 2018.
- ^ Lawrenson 2017.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 70.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 71.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 104–105.
- ^ a b Delany 1987, p. 91.
- ^ Pryor 2003, p. 13.
- ^ Lubenow 1998, p. 240
- ^ Delany 2015, p. 130.
- ^ Delany 2015, p. 141.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 173–176.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 178–179.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 189–190.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 187–189.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 190–192.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 195.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 229.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 118.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 213.
- ^ Historic England 1908.
- ^ UCL 2011.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 143.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 125–126.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 198, 230.
- ^ Spalding 2016, p. 140.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 138, 169.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 129.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 130–133.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 169.
- ^ a b c Watling 2019, p. 170.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 173.
- ^ a b Watling 2019, p. 178.
- ^ a b c Watling 2019, p. 190.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 192.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 226.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 231.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 206–208,209–210.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 229.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 189,192.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 228.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 194.
- ^ a b Watling 2019, p. 189.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 194,196,198.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 198.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 225.
- ^ UK Parliament 2019.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 227.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 230.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 230−233.
- ^ Woolf 1977–1984.
- ^ Howe 2013.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 230–231.
- ^ Smith 2018.
- ^ BLB 1986.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 237.
- ^ a b Watling 2019, pp. 250–252.
- ^ BLB 1981.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 231–232.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 255.
- ^ Bodleian 2019.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 258.
- ^ a b Watling 2019, p. 250.
- ^ Cobbold 2019.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 247.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 248.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 234.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 247,256,257.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 277.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 266.
- ^ Watling 2019, p. 272.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 245,263–265.
- ^ Watling 2019, pp. 278–279.
- ^ Delany 1987, pp. 232–233.
- ^ a b Watling 2019, p. 287.
- ^ Archives 2018.
- ^ Delany 1987, p. 233.
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Genealogy
- Cobbold, Anthony (2019). "Clarissa Olivia SHERRARD". Family Tree – The Cobbold Family History Trust. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- Oates, Adrian (2018). "Rev. Henry Arnold Olivier / Anne Elizabeth Hardcastle Arnould". Red1st: Isle of Axholme. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
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- "Marfield House, Primrose Hill, Tonbridge". The Weald of Kent, Surrey and Sussex. 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.