Bulgarian placename etymology

Bulgarian placename etymology is characterized by the linguistic and ethnic diversity of the

Latin

can also be encountered.

Slavic placenames

Slavic names account for the vast majority of toponyms on the territory of Bulgaria. Typical forms are:

with the neutral suffix -ово/-ево (-ovo/-evo). This suffix is probably the most widespread one in Bulgaria. Examples: Veliko Tarnovo, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Pamporovo, Sevlievo.
with the masculine suffix -ец (-ets). Examples: Pravets, Borovets, Kladenets, Lyubimets.
with the feminine suffix -ица (-itsa). Examples: Gorna Oryahovitsa, Dupnitsa, Belitsa, Koprivshtitsa, Slivnitsa, Perushtitsa, Berkovitsa, Kosharitsa.
with the suffixes -инци (-intsi), -овци (-ovtsi), and -ци (-tsi), which indicate the name, occupation or some other characteristic feature of the family or families that founded the settlement. Examples: Chiprovtsi, Boychinovtsi, Apriltsi, Priseltsi, Brusartsi, Batanovtsi.
with the suffix -град (-
grad), which is used for mediaeval fortified settlements and modern cities. -grad is a very common suffix in southern Bulgaria due to the widespread renaming of towns that carried Turkish or Greek names. Many towns now have names that follow the established pattern, but are dedicated to Bulgarian rulers, national heroes or prominent people, such as Botevgrad (formerly Orhanie), Asenovgrad (formerly Stanimaka) and Blagoevgrad (formerly Gorna Dzhumaya). Other examples: Zlatograd, Svilengrad, Razgrad
.

with the masculine suffixes -ник (-nik) and -чик (-chik). Examples: Pernik, Balchik, Belogradchik, Melnik, Breznik.
with the neutral suffix -ино (-ino). Examples: Ardino, Nedelino, Nevestino.
with the masculine suffix -ен (-en). Examples: Pleven, Sliven, Kuklen, Teteven, Kiten.
with the neutral suffix -ище (-ishte). Examples: Targovishte, Bozhurishte, Panagyurishte.
with other or without suffixes. Examples: Tran, Belene, Dobrich, Rudozem, Sopot, Beloslav, Svishtov, Razlog, Troyan, Vidin, Byala Slatina, Bankya.

Slavic names often appear in pairs, wherever two places were historically related, or happen to have the same name. Examples: Stara Zagora and Nova Zagora (old/new), Veliko Tarnovo and Malko Tarnovo (great/small), Gorni Bogrov and Dolni Bogrov (upper/lower).

Nov, novi, nova, and novo (meaning "new") are also frequent, as many places were depopulated during

Ottoman rule

and later rebuilt. Examples: Novo Selo (9 villages are named thus), Novi Pazar. Nevertheless, the presence of "new" does not guarantee that the settlement has ever been destroyed — it may have been founded by settlers from another village who wished to retain the name, for example.

Turkish placenames

Bulgaria was part of the

Hisarya, Harmanli (Harmanlı), Dolni Chiflik (Aşağı Çiftlik), Dzhebel

(Cebel).

Greek placenames

There is a certain number of Greek names, mostly in southern Bulgaria along the

Provadiya

.

Latin placenames

An amount of names from Roman times has also survived until today, many of them being Roman versions of former Greek or Thracian ones. Some Latin names had fallen into disuse long ago, but were revived in the 20th century. Examples: Montana, Lom (a Slavicized version of Latin Almus), Archar (a Slavicized version of Latin Raciaria), Drastar (nowadays Silistra), derived from Durostorum, Nikopol and Nikyup, derived from Nicopolis, Dzherman, derived from Germania, etc. The old Bulgarian name for Sofia, Sredets, was also derived from Sardica (Serdica).