Plovdiv
Plovdiv
Пловдив | ||
---|---|---|
Car plates PB | | |
Website | www.plovdiv.bg |
Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив, pronounced [ˈpɫɔvdif]) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, 93 miles southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 346,893 as of 2018[update] and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is a cultural hub in Bulgaria and was the European Capital of Culture in 2019. The city is an important economic, transport, cultural, and educational centre. Plovdiv joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Plovdiv is in a fertile region of south-central Bulgaria on the two banks of the
Philippopolis (
In
In the
On 4 January 1878, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Plovdiv was taken away from Ottoman rule by the Russian army. It remained within the borders of Bulgaria until July of the same year, when it became the capital of the autonomous Ottoman region of Eastern Rumelia. In 1885, Plovdiv and Eastern Rumelia joined Bulgaria.
There are many preserved ruins such as the ancient
Etymology
Plovdiv has been given various names throughout its long history. The
The city has been called Philippopolis (ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΠΟΛΙΣ pronounced considered the location of Poneropolis different from the rest.
Kendrisia ( after the Roman families.
In the 6th century CE,
Geography
Plovdiv is located on the banks of the
Inside the city proper are six
Climate
Plovdiv has a
Summer (mid-May to late September) is hot, moderately dry and sunny, with July and August having an average high of 33 °C (91 °F). Plovdiv sometimes experiences very hot days which are typical in the interior of the country. Summer nights are mild.
Autumn starts in late September; days are long and relatively warm in early autumn. The nights become chilly by September. The first frost usually occurs by November.
Winter is normally cold and snow is common. The average number of days with snow coverage in Plovdiv is 15. The average depth of snow coverage is 2 to 4 cm (1 to 2 in), and the maximum is normally 6 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in), but some winters coverage can reach 70 cm (28 in) or more. The average January temperature is −0.4 °C (31 °F).
Spring begins in March and is cooler than autumn. The frost season ends in March. The days are mild and relatively warm in mid-spring.
The average relative humidity is 73% and is highest in December at 86% and the lowest in August at 62%. The total precipitation is 540 mm (21.26 in) and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The wettest months of the year are May and June, with an average precipitation of 66.2 mm (2.61 in), and the driest month is August, with an average precipitation of 31 mm (1.22 in).
Gentle winds (0 to 5 m/s) are predominant in the city with wind speeds of up to 1 m/s, representing 95% of all winds during the year. Mists are common in the cooler months, especially along the banks of the Maritsa. On average there are 33 days with mist during the year.[30]
Climate data for Plovdiv (1952–2000; extremes 1942–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.2 (93.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
41.0 (105.8) |
45.0 (113.0) |
42.5 (108.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
36.8 (98.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
45.0 (113.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.3 (86.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
6.4 (43.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
2.3 (36.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.2 (43.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
7.1 (44.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −31.5 (−24.7) |
−29.1 (−20.4) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.2 (46.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
−31.5 (−24.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27 (1.1) |
34 (1.3) |
37 (1.5) |
41 (1.6) |
77 (3.0) |
57 (2.2) |
39 (1.5) |
43 (1.7) |
35 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
39 (1.5) |
502 (19.8) |
Average precipitation days | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 60.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76 | 67 | 60 | 53 | 53 | 50 | 45 | 46 | 48 | 59 | 69 | 76 | 59 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 94 | 110 | 170 | 200 | 252 | 281 | 328 | 315 | 230 | 162 | 120 | 77 | 2,339 |
Source 1: Climatebase.ru | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity),[31] |
Climate data for Plovidiv (2008-2021) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.8 (89.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
21 (70) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
4.6 (40.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
9.3 (48.8) |
Source: Stringmeteo.com[page needed] |
History
History of Plovdiv | |
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Timeline of events | |
6000–5000 BC | Establishment of the earliest settlements on the territory of modern Plovdiv (Yasa Tepe 1 and Yasa Tepe 2) |
5th century BC | Ancient Plovdiv was incorporated into the Odrysian kingdom |
347–342 BC | The Thracian town was conquered by Philip II of Macedon who named it Philippopolis |
46 | Philippopolis was incorporated into the Roman Empire by emperor Claudius |
1st–3rd century | Philippopolis became the central city of the Roman province Thracia |
250 | The whole city was burned down by the Goths |
4th century | Philippopolis regained its previous size. The city was part of the Eastern Roman Empire
|
836 | Khan Malamir incorporated the city into the First Bulgarian Empire |
976–1014 | Basil II based his army in Philippopolis during the war with Samuel of Bulgaria |
1189 | The city was conquered by the crusader army of Frederick Barbarossa
|
1205 | Philippopolis was conquered and raided by the Latin Empire and Kaloyan of Bulgaria |
1371 | Phillipopolis was conquered by the Ottomans. The city name was changed to Filibe |
January 1878 | Plovdiv was liberated from Ottoman rule during the Battle of Philippopolis
|
July 1878 | Plovdiv became capital of Eastern Rumelia |
1885 | Plovdiv is at the center of the events that led to the Bulgarian unification |
1920–1960 | Period of industrialization |
1970-1980 | Discovery of the archeological sights in Plovdiv, the Old town was restored |
1999 | Plovdiv hosted European Cultural Month |
2014 | Plovdiv was awarded the title European capital of culture 2019
|
Antiquity
Part of a series on the ancient city of |
Philippopolis |
---|
Buildings and structures |
Public
Religious Fortification
Residential
|
Related topics |
The history of the region spans more than eight millennia. Numerous nations have left their traces on the twelve-metre-thick (39-foot) cultural layers of the city. The earliest signs of habitation in the territory of Plovdiv date as far back as the 6th millennium BCE.[32][4] Plovdiv has settlement traces including necropolises dating from the Neolithic era (roughly 6000–5000 BCE) like the mounds Yasa Tepe 1 in the Philipovo district and Yasa Tepe 2 in Lauta park.[33][34][35] Archaeologists have discovered fine pottery[citation needed] and objects of everyday life on Nebet Tepe from as early as the Chalcolithic era, showing that at the end of the 4th millennium BCE, there was already an established settlement there which was continuously inhabited since then.[36][37][38] Thracian necropolises dating back to the 2nd–3rd millennium BCE have been discovered, while the Thracian town was established between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BCE.[citation needed]
The town was a fort of the independent local
In 72 BCE, the city was seized by the Roman general Marcus Lucullus but was soon restored to Thracian control. In 46 CE, the city was finally incorporated into the Roman Empire by emperor Claudius;[45] it served as the capital of the province of Thrace. Although it was not the capital of the Province of Thrace, the city was the largest and most important centre in the province.[46] As such, the city was the seat of the Union of Thracians.[47] In those times, the Via Militaris (or Via Diagonalis), the most important military road in the Balkans, passed through the city.[48][49] The Roman times were a period of growth and cultural excellence.[50] The ancient ruins tell a story of a vibrant, growing city with numerous public buildings, shrines, baths, theatres, a stadium, and the only developed ancient water supply system in Bulgaria. The city had an advanced water system and sewerage.[citation needed] In 179 a second wall was built to encompass Trimontium which had already extended out of the Three hills into the valley. Many of those are still preserved and can be seen by tourists. Today only a small part of the ancient city has been excavated.[51]
In 250 the city was captured and looted after the
An ancient Roman inscription written in Ancient Greek dated to 253 – 255 AD were discovered in the Great Basilica. The inscription refers to the Dionysian Mysteries and also mentions Roman Emperors Valerian and Gallienus. It has been found on a large stele which was used as construction material during the building of the Great Basilica.[54]
Middle Ages
Byzantine rule was interrupted by the
Ottoman rule
In 1364 the
National revival
Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Filibe (as the city was known at that time) was a focal point for the Bulgarian national movement and survived as one of the major cultural centers for Bulgarian culture and tradition.
Filibe was described as consisting of Turks, Bulgarians, Hellenized Bulgarians, Armenians, Jews, Vlachs, Arvanites, Greeks, and Roma people. In the 16–17 century a significant number of
The re-establishment of the Bulgarian Church in 1870 was a sign of ethnic and national consciousness. Thus, although there is a little doubt about the Bulgarian origin of the Gulidas, the city could be considered of Greek or Bulgarian majority in the 19th century.[71] Raymond Detrez has suggested that when the Gudilas and Langeris claimed to be Greek it was more in the sense of "Romei than Ellines, in a cultural rather than an ethnic sense".[72] According to the statistics by the Bulgarian and Greek authors, there were no Turks in the city; according to an alternative estimate the city was of Turkish majority.[73]
Filibe had an important role in the struggle for Church independence which was, according to some historians, a peaceful bourgeois revolution. Filibe became the center of that struggle with leaders such as
The city was conquered by the Russians under
Eastern Rumelia
According to the Treaty of San Stefano on 3 March 1878, the Principality of Bulgaria included the lands with predominantly Bulgarian population. Plovdiv which was the biggest and most vibrant Bulgarian city was selected as a capital of the restored country and for a seat of the Temporary Russian Government.[74] Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, however, did not approve that treaty and the final result of the war was concluded in the Congress of Berlin which divided the newly liberated country into several parts. It separated the autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia from Bulgaria, and Plovdiv became its capital. The Ottoman Empire created a constitution and appointed a governor.[75]
In the spring of 1885, Zahari Stoyanov formed the Secret Bulgarian Central Revolutionary Committee in the city which actively conducted propaganda for the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. On 5 September, several hundred armed rebels from Golyamo Konare (now Saedinenie) marched to Plovdiv. In the night of 5–6 September, these men, led by Danail Nikolaev, took control of the city and removed from office the General-Governor Gavril Krastevich. A provisional government was formed led by Georgi Stranski, and universal mobilization was announced.[76] After the Serbs were defeated in the Serbo-Bulgarian War, Bulgaria and Turkey reached an agreement that the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia had a common government, Parliament, administration, and army. Today, 6 September is celebrated as the Unification Day and the Day of Plovdiv.
Recent history
After the unification, Plovdiv remained the second most populous city in Bulgaria after the capital Sofia. The first railway in the city was built in 1874 connecting it with the Ottoman capital, and in 1888, it was linked with Sofia. In 1892 Plovdiv became the host of the First Bulgarian Fair with international participation which was succeeded by the International Fair Plovdiv. After the liberation, the first brewery was inaugurated in the city.
The noteworthy English travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor visited Plovdiv in the late summer of 1934 and he was charmed by the town and a local woman name Nadjeda.[77]
In the beginning of the 20th century, Plovdiv grew as a significant industrial and commercial center with well-developed light and food industry. In 1927 the electrification of Plovdiv has started. German, French, and
Tobacco Depot workers went on strike on 4 May 1953.[citation needed]
On 6 April 1956 the first trolleybus line was opened and in the 1950s the Trimontsium Hotel was constructed. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a construction boom and many of the modern neighborhoods took shape. In the 1970s and 1980s, antique remains were excavated and the Old Town was fully restored. In 1990 the sports complex "Plovdiv" was finished. It included the largest stadium and rowing canal in the country. In that period, Plovdiv became the birthplace of Bulgaria's movement for democratic reform, which by 1989 had garnered enough support to enter government.
Plovdiv has hosted specialized exhibitions of the
Population
The population by permanent address for the municipality of Plovdiv for 2007 is 380,682,[78] which makes it the second in population in the nation. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics (NSI), the population of people who actually live in Plovdiv is 346,790.[79] According to the 2012 census, 339,077 live within the city limits and 403,153 in the municipal triangle of Plovdiv, including
Plovdiv | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 1887 | 1910 | 1934 | 1946 | 1956 | 1965 | 1975 | 1985 | 1992 | 2001 | 2005 | 2009 | 2011 | 2021 | |
Population | 33,032 | 47,981 | 99,883 | 126,563 | 161,836 | 225,508 | 299,638 | 342,131 | 341,058 | 338,224 | 341,9 | 338,2 | 338,153 | 343,070 | |
Highest number 348,465 in 2009 | |||||||||||||||
Sources: National Statistical Institute,[81][82][83] citypopulation.de,[84] pop-stat.mashke.org,[85] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences[86] |
At the first census after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1880 with 24,053 citizens,[87] Plovdiv was the third largest city behind Stara Zagora, which had 25,460 citizens prior to being burnt to the ground[88] as well as Ruse, which had 26,163 citizens then,[89] and ahead of the capital Sofia, which had 20,501 citizens then. As of the 1887 census, Plovdiv was the largest city in the country for several years with 33,032 inhabitants compared to 30,428 for Sofia. According to the 1946 census, Plovdiv was the second largest city with 126,563 inhabitants compared to 487,000 for the capital.[74]
Ethnicity and religion
Year[90] | Muslims | Christians | Roma
|
Jews |
---|---|---|---|---|
1472 | 81.7% | 18.3% | ||
1489 | 87.1% | 8.2% | 3.5% | |
1490 (households)[91] | 796 | 78 | 33 | |
1516 | 86.7% | 7% | 2.8% | 2.5% |
1525 | 85.2% | 7.5% | 3.2% | 3% |
1530 | 82.1% | 9.1% | 3.8% | 3.7% |
1570 | 82% | 9.3% | 2.7% | 5.4% |
1595 | 78.2% | 14% | 2.9% | 4.8% |
1614 | 68.3% | 22.6% | 7.7% | 4.1% |
1695[69] | 81% | 14% | ||
1876[92] | 33% |
Census | Total | Bulgarians | Turks
|
Jews
|
Greeks | Armenians | Roma
|
Others | Unspecified |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1878 | 24053[93] | 10909 (45.35%) | 5558 (23.10%) | 1134 (4.71%) | 4781 (19.88%) | 806 (3.35%) | 865 (3.60%) | 902 (3.75%) | |
1884[94]
– |
33442 | 16752 (50.09%) | 7144 (21.36%) | 2168 (6.48%) | 5497 (16.44%) | 979 (2.93%) | 112 | 902 (2.70%) | |
1887 | 33032 | 19542 | 5615 | 2202 | 3930 | 903 | 348 | 492 | |
1892 | 36033 | 20854 | 6381 | 2696 | 3906 | 1024 | 237 | 935 | |
1900 | 43033 | 24170 | 4708 | 3602 | 3908 | 1844 | 1934 | 2869 | |
1910 | 47981 | 32727 | 2946 | 4436 | 1571 | 1794 | 3524 | 983 | |
1920 | 64415 | 46889 | 5605 | 5144 | 1071 | 3773 | 1342 | 591 | |
1926 | 84655 | 63268 | 4748 | 5612 | 549 | 5881 | 2746 | 1851 | |
1934 | 99883 | 77449 | 6102 | 5574 | 340 | 5316 | 2728 | 2374 | |
1939 | 105643 (100%) | 82012 (77.63%) | 6462 (6.12%) | 5960 (5,64%) | 200 (0.19%) | 6591 (6.24%) | 2982 (2.82%) | 1436 (1.36%) | |
2001[95] | 338224 | 302858 (89.5%) | 22501 (6.7%) | 5192 (1.5%) | 5764 (1.7%) | 1909 | |||
2011[96][97] | 338153 | 277804 (82.2%) | 16032 (4.7%) | 1436 (0.4%) | 9438 (2.8%) | 3105 (0.9%) | 31774 (9.4%) |
In its ethnic character Plovdiv is the second or the third-largest cosmopolitan city inhabited by
After the Wars for National Union (
The vast majority of the inhabitants are Christians, mostly
Some Aromanians also inhabit Plovdiv.[99]
-
The Virgin Mary Eastern Orthodox Church
-
A Protestant church
-
St George Armenian Church
-
The Dzhumaya Mosque
-
The Orthodox seminary
City government
Plovdiv is the administrative center of
According to the Law for the territorial subdivision of the Capital municipality and the large cities,[102] the territory of Plovdiv Municipality is subdivided into six district administrations with their mayors being appointed following approval by the Municipal Council.
Districts and neighbourhoods
Number | Neighbourhood | Number | Neighbourhood | Number | Neighbourhood | Number | Neighbourhood |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Center | 12 | Sadiiski | 23 | Hristo Smirnenski | 34 | Sheker Mahala |
2 | Old Town | 13 | Stochna Gara | 24 | Proslav | ||
3 | Kamenitsa 1 | 14 | Kyutchuk Paris | 25 | Mladezhki Halm | ||
4 | Kamenitsa 2 | 15 | Vastannicheski | 26 | Otdih i Kultura | ||
5 | Izgrev | 16 | Belomorski | 27 | Marasha | ||
6 | Stolipinovo | 17 | Institut po Ovoshtarstvo | 28 | Maritsa Sever | ||
7 | Izgrev | 18 | Ostromila | 29 | Zaharna Fabrika | ||
8 | Industrial zone – East | 19 | Yuzhen | 30 | Karshiaka | ||
9 | Trakia | 20 | Tsentralna Gara | 31 | Gagarin | ||
10 | Industrial zone – Trakia | 21 | Komatevo | 32 | Industrial Zone – North | ||
11 | Industrial zone – South | 22 | Komatevski Vazel | 33 | Filipovo |
In 1969 the villages of Proslav and Komatevo were incorporated into the city. In 1987 the municipalities of Maritsa and Rodopi were separated from Plovdiv which remained their administrative center. In the last several years, the inhabitants from those villages had taken steps to rejoin the "urban" municipality.[103]
Main sights
The city has more than 200 archaeological sites,[104] 30 of which are of national importance. There are many remains from antiquity. Plovdiv is among the few cities with two ancient theatres; remains of the medieval walls and towers; Ottoman baths and mosques; a well-preserved old quarter from the National Revival period with beautiful houses; churches; and narrow paved streets. There are numerous museums, art, galleries and cultural institutions. Plovdiv is host to musical, theatrical, and film events. The Knyaz Alexander I Street is the main street in Plovdiv.
The city is a starting point for trips to places in the region, such as the
Roman City
The
The Ancient theatre is situated in the natural saddle between two of the Three Hills. It is divided into two parts with 14 rows each divided with a horizontal lane. The theatre could accommodate up to 7,000 people.[107] The three-story scene is on the southern part and is decorated with friezes, cornices, and statues. The theatre was studied, conserved, and restored between 1968 and 1984. Many events are still held on the scene[108] including the Opera Festival Opera Open, the Rock Festival Sounds of the Ages, and the International Folklore festival. The Roman Odeon was restored in 2004.[109] It was built in the 2nd–5th centuries and is the second (and smaller) antique theatre of Philipopolis with 350 seats. It was initially built as a bulevterion, an edifice of the city council, and was later reconstructed as a theatre.
The
The
On Nebet hill are the remains of the first settlement which in 12th century BCE grew to the Thracian city of Eumolpias, one of the first cities in Southeastern Europe. Massive walls surrounding a temple and a palace have been excavated. The oldest part of the fortress was constructed from large syenite blocks, the so-called "cyclopean construction".
-
Theatre
-
Roman stadium
-
Forum
-
The Bishop's basilica of Phiippopolis
-
Small basilica
-
3rd century round tower
-
Mosaics inEirene residence
-
Aqueduct
-
Nebet tepe
Museums and protected sites
The Archaeological Museum was established in 1882 as the People's Museum of
The Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum[119] was founded in 1951 as a scientific and cultural institute for collecting, saving, and researching historical evidence about Plovdiv and the surrounding region from 16th to 20th centuries. The exhibition is situated in three buildings.[117]
The Plovdiv Regional Ethnographic Museum was inaugurated in 1917. On 14 October 1943, it was moved to a house in the Old Town. In 1949 the Municipal House-museum was reorganized as a People's Ethnographic Museum and in 1962 it was renovated. There are more than 40,000 objects.[117]
The Museum of Natural Science was inaugurated in 1955 in the old edifice of the Plovdiv Municipality built in 1880. It is among the most important museums in the country with rich collections in its
The Museum of Aviation was established on 21 September 1991 on the territory of the Krumovo airbase[120] 12 km (7 mi) to the southeast of the city. The museum possesses 59 aircraft and indoor and outdoor exhibitions.[117]
The Old Town of Plovdiv is a historic preservation site known for its Bulgarian Renaissance architectural style. The Old Town covers the area of the three central hills (Трихълмие, Trihalmie). Almost every house in the Old Town has its characteristic exterior and interior decoration.
-
Balabanov house
-
Lamartine House
-
Klianti House
-
Old town
-
Street of Old town
-
Old town
-
Old town - Plovdiv
-
Hisar gate with the ethnographical museum
Churches, mosques and temples
There are a number of 19th-century churches, most of which follow the distinctive
Two mosques remain in Plovdiv from the time of Ottoman rule. The Djumaya Mosque is considered the oldest European mosque outside Moorish Spain.
The
Culture
Theatre and music
The Plovdiv Drama Theatre[122] is a successor of the first professional theatre group in Bulgaria founded in 1881. The Plovdiv Puppet Theatre, founded in 1948, remains one of the leading institutions in this genre. The Plovdiv Opera was established in 1953.
Another pillar of Plovdiv's culture is the Philharmonic, founded in 1945.[123] Soloists such as Dmitri Shostakovich, Sviatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich, Yuri Boukov, and Mincho Minchev have worked with the Plovdiv Philharmonic. The orchestra has toured in almost all of the European countries.
The Trakiya Folklore Ensemble, founded in 1974, has performed thousands of concerts in Bulgaria and more than 42 countries.
Literature
Plovdiv is among the nation's primary literary centres. In 1855
Arts
The city has traditions in iconography since the Middle Ages. During the Period of National Revival, a number of notable icon-painters (called in Bulgarian zografi, зографи) from all regions of the country worked in Plovdiv such as – Dimitar Zograf, his son Zafir Zograf, Zahari Zograf, Georgi Danchov, and others.[68] After the Liberation, the Bulgarian painter of Czech origin Ivan Mrkvička came to work in the city. The Painters' Society was established there by artists from southern Bulgaria in 1912 whose members included painters Zlatyu Boyadzhiev, Tsanko Lavrenov and Sirak Skitnik.
Today the city has more than 40 art galleries with most of them being privately owned. The Art Gallery of Plovdiv was founded in the late 19th century.[129] It possesses 5,000 pieces of art in four buildings. Since 1981, it has had a section for Mexican art donated by Mexican painters in honour of the 1,300-year anniversary of the Bulgarian State.
European Capital of Culture
On 5 September 2014, Plovdiv was selected as the Bulgarian host of European Capital of Culture in 2019.[130] The city will co-host the event with Matera and another city (yet to be decided).
After Plovdiv was elected as European Capital of Culture in 2019, an ambitious cultural program has started its realisation. According to this program, there will be an Island of Arts in the middle of the Maritsa River in Plovdiv. The "Kapana" area (the "Trap") will become a quarter of the arts where the creative industries are going to be developed and presented. This famous area, Kapana, was renovated in 2014, restoring its authentic outlook.[citation needed] It has been used for a number of festivals and art events.
For 2019 the City Under the Hills is planning a number of concerts, including "Balkan Music in Plovdiv".The city will host the Plovdiv Biennale and a number of international forums, such as a meeting of collectors from Europe, a summer art school, dance projects, etc.[131]
Economy
Although it is located in the middle of a rich agricultural region, Plovdiv's economy has shifted from agriculture to industry since the beginning of the 20th century.
Plovdiv is the economic capital of Bulgaria as it has the country's largest economy and contributes 7.5% of Bulgaria's GDP as of 2014[update].[133] In 2014, more than 35 thousand companies operate in the region which create jobs for 285,000 people.[133] The advantages of Plovdiv include the central geographic location, good infrastructure, and large population. Plovdiv has an international airport, terminal for intermodal transport, several connections with Trakia motorway (connecting Sofia and Burgas), proximity to Maritsa motorway (the main corridor to Turkey), and well-developed road and rail infrastructure which all led to the development of the city as the leading city in terms of industrial output in Bulgaria. Established in 1970, the Toplofikatsiya Plovdiv company provides generation of electric power and heat and heat distribution for Plovdiv.[134]
The economy of Plovdiv has long tradition in
Economic Indicators
Indicator | Unit | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP | BGN million | 5,539 | 6,062 | 6,178 | 6,374 | 6,273 |
Share in Bulgaria's GDP | % | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 7.5 |
GDP per capita | BGN | 7,924 | 8,888 | 9,087 | 9,394 | 9,268 |
Population | Number | 696,300 | 680,884 | 678,860 | 678,197 | 675,586 |
Average annual number of employees under labor contract | Number | 208,438 | 207,599 | 205,876 | 203,933 | 207,057 |
Average salary of employees under labor contract | BGN | 6,462 | 6,889 | 7,418 | 7,922 | 8,504 |
Economic activity rate | % | 64.9 | 64.2 | 67.7 | 70.7 | 71.7 |
Unemployment rate | % | 8.5 | 8.8 | 11.2 | 13.4 | 13.1 |
FDI | EUR million | 1.118 | 1.259 | 1.340 | 1.648 | 1.546 |
Source: The National Statistical Institute[133]
Industry
Industry has been the sole leader in attracting investment. Industry has been expanding since the late 1990s, with manufacturing plants being built in the city or in its outskirts mainly the municipality of Maritsa. In this period, some €500,000,000 has been invested in the construction of new factories.
Shopping and commerce
The commercial sector is developing quickly. Shopping centers have been built mainly in the Central district and the district of Trakiya. Those include Shopping Center Grand,[136] Market Center,[137] and two more all on the Kapitan Raycho Street,[137] Forum in Trakiya, Excelsior, and others. Plovdiv has three large shopping centers: the €40 million Mall of Plovdiv (opened 2009) with a shopping area of 22,000 m2 (236,806.03 sq ft), 11 cinema halls, and parking for 700 cars;[138] Markovo tepe Mall (opened 2016);[139] and Plovdiv Plaza Mall which is 6 stories high with 127 000 m2 area, half of which is the parking lot and the rest is shopping area.
Due to the high demand for business office space, new office and commercial buildings have been built. Several hypermarkets have been built mainly on the outskirts of the city: Metro, Kaufland, Triumf, Praktiker, Billa, Mr. Bricolage, Baumax, Technopolis, Technomarket Europa, and others. The main shopping area is the central street with its shops, cafés, and restaurants. A number of cafés, craftsmen workshops, and souvenir shops are in the Old Town and the small streets in the centre, known among the locals as "The Trap" (Bulgarian: Капана).
The
The city has had a duty-free zone since 1987. It has a customs terminal handling cargo from trucks and trains.[141]
-
Mall Plovdiv Plaza
-
Mall Markovo tepe
-
Mall Plovdiv
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Forum Trakia shopping center
Transport
Plovdiv's geographical position makes it an international transport hub. Three of the ten Pan-European corridors run into or near the city: Corridor IV (Dresden–Bucharest–Sofia-Plovdiv-Istanbul), Corridor VIII (Durrës-Sofia-Plovdiv-Varna/Burgas), and Corridor X (Salzburg–Belgrade-Plovdiv-Istanbul).[142][143] A major tourist centre, Plovdiv lies at the foot of the Rhodope Mountains, and most people wishing to explore the mountains choose it as their trip's starting point.
The city is a major road and railway hub in southern Bulgaria with
Railway transport in the city dates back to 1872 when it became a station on the
Plovdiv has a large public transport system[145] including around 29 main and 10 extra bus lines. However, there are no trams in the city, and the Plovdiv trolleybus system was closed in autumn 2012.[146] Six bridges span the Maritsa river including a railway bridge and a covered bridge. There are important road junctions to the south, southwest, and north.
Plovdiv has a well-developed cycling infrastructure which covers almost all districts of the city. The total length of the cycling roads is 60 kilometres (37 miles) (48 kilometres (30 miles) are completed and 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) are under construction). The city has a total of 690 bike parkings.
The number of registered private automobiles in the city increased from 178,104 in 2005 to 234,298 in 2009.[147] There are around 658 cars per 1,000 inhabitants[148]
The
The
Education
Around two thirds of the citizens (62,38%) have secondary, specialized, or higher education. That percentage increased from 1992 to 2001.[149]
Plovdiv has 78 schools including elementary, high, foreign language, mathematics, technical, and art schools. There are also 10 private schools and a seminary. The number of pupils in 2005 was 36,964 and has been constantly decreasing since the mid-1990 due to lower birth rate.[149] Among the most prestigious schools are the English Language School, the High School of Mathematics, the Ivan Vazov Language School, the National Schools of Commerce – Plovdiv,[150] the English Academy,[151] the Academy of Music, Dance and Fine Arts Plovdiv,[152] and the French High School of Plovdiv.[153]
The city has six universities and a number of state and private colleges and branches of other universities. Those include
The 2009
Between 1875 and 1906, the Zariphios School was one of the local Greek educational institutions that provided elementary and secondary education.[160]
Sports and recreation
Other stadiums include
-
Plovdiv Stadiumand sport complex
-
Rowing base
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Lokomotiv Stadium
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Hristo Botev Stadium
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Plovdiv University sports hall
Plovdiv is host of the international boxing tournament "Strandzha" which has taken place since 1949.[165] In 2007, 96 boxers from 20 countries participated in the tournament. There is a horse racing club and a horse base near the city. Plovdiv has several volleyball and basketball teams.
Three of the city's seven hills are protected natural territories since 1995. Two of the first parks in Bulgaria are located in the city center – Tsar Simeon garden – city garden, where the very first work of the Italian sculptor
Notable people
- Ahmad Hilmi of Filibe – (1865–1914), writer, thinker
- Ivan Andonov – (1934–2011), actor
- Vladimir Arabadzhiev – (born 1984), racing driver
- Zlatyu Boyadzhiev – (1903–1976), painter
- Boris Christoff – (1914–1993), basso
- Hristo G. Danov – (1828–1911), publisher
- Dimcho Debelyanov – (1887–1916), writer
- Samuel Finzi – (born 1966), German actor
- George Ganchev – (1939–2019), actor, writer, politician and fencer
- Nayden Gerov – (1823–1900), linguist, folklorist and writer
- Ivan Evstratiev Geshov – (1849–1924), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Todor Kableshkov – (1851–1876), a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary
- Petko Karavelov – (1843–1903), revolutionary and former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Asen Kisimov – (1936–2005), actor
- Georgios Kleovoulos – (ca.1785-1828), Greek scholar and educator
- Antonios Komizopoulos – (19th.C.), Greek merchant and the 4th member of Filiki Eteria
- Milcho Leviev – (1937–2019), musician
- Andrey Lyapchev – (1866–1933), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Aleksandar Malinov – (1867–1938), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Stoika Milanova – (born 1945), classical violinist
- Ivan Mrkvička – (1856–1938), painter
- Regent of Bulgaria, the chief architect of the Bulgarian unification
- Kiril Petkov – (born 1980), acting Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Silvena Rowe – (born 1967), British chef, food writer, TV personality and restaurateur
- Nanka Serkedzhieva – (1925–2012), female military officer
- Pencho Slaveykov – {1866–1912), writer and poet
- Konstantin Stoilov – (1853–1901), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Petar Stoyanov – (born 1952), former President of Bulgaria
- IOMP
- Emma Tahmizian – (born 1957), pianist
- Nayden Todorov – (born 1974), conductor
- electrical engineerand technological pioneer
- Ivan Vazov – (1850–1921), writer
- Zhan Videnov – (born 1959), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Angel Wagenstein (1922-2023), screenwriter and author
- Sonya Yoncheva – (born 1981), opera singer
- Yordan Yovkov – (1880–1937), writer
Sport
- Miroslav Barnyashev – (born 1984), professional wrestler, performing under the name of Miro
- Georgi Hristov – (born 1985), former professional footballer
- Stefka Kostadinova – (born 1965), world-record holder in the women's high jump
- Apostolos Nikolaidis – (1896–1980), Greek athlete
- Tsvetana Pironkova – (born 1987), professional tennis player
- Iva Prandzheva – (born 1972), long jumper and triple jumper
- Hristo Stoichkov – (born 1966), football player
- Serafim Todorov – (born 1969), boxer
- Yordan Yovchev – (born 1973), gymnast
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Plovdiv is
- Bursa, Turkey
- Changchun, China
- Columbia, United States
- Daegu, South Korea
- Donetsk, Ukraine
- Gyumri, Armenia
- Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Istanbul, Turkey
- Ivanovo, Russia
- Kastoria, Greece
- Košice, Slovakia
- Kumanovo, North Macedonia
- Kutaisi, Georgia
- Leskovac, Serbia
- Luoyang, China
- Ohrid, North Macedonia
- Okayama, Japan
- Petra, Jordan
- Rome, Italy
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Shenzhen, China
- Thessaloniki, Greece
- Valencia, Venezuela
- Yekaterinburg, Russia
Honour
The asteroid (minor planet) 3860 Plovdiv is named after the city. It was discovered by the Belgian astronomer Eric W. Elst and the Bulgarian astronomer Violeta G. Ivanova on 8 August 1986. Plovdiv Peak (1,040 m or 3,412 ft) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is also named after Plovdiv.
Gallery
-
A panoramic view
-
Looking down one of the streets in Plovdiv.
-
Plan of the medieval fortress
See also
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{{cite book}}
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