Buxbaumia

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For the bryological journal, see Buxbaumia (journal).

Buxbaumia
Buxbaumia viridis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Subclass: Buxbaumiidae
Doweld
Order: Buxbaumiales
M.Fleisch.
Family: Buxbaumiaceae
Schimp.
Genus: Buxbaumia
Hedw., 1801[1]
Type species
Buxbaumia aphylla
Hedw.
Species

See Classification

Buxbaumia (bug moss, bug-on-a-stick, humpbacked elves, or elf-cap moss)

Volga River.[2]
The moss is microscopic for most of its existence, and plants are noticeable only after they begin to produce their reproductive structures. The asymmetrical spore capsule has a distinctive shape and structure, some features of which appear to be transitional from those in primitive mosses to most modern mosses.

Description

Plants of Buxbaumia have a much reduced

dioicous, with separate plants producing the male and female organs.[8] Male plants develop only one microscopic leaf around each antheridium,[2][5] and female plants produce just three or four tiny colorless leaves around each archegonium.[3]

Because of its small size, the gametophyte stage is not generally noticed until the stalked

mycoheterotrophic. This is also consistent with a lack of association between its rhizoids and nearby hyphae of soil fungi.[10]

The sporophyte at maturity is between 4 and 11 mm tall.[2] The spore capsule is attached at the top of the stalk and is distinctive,[6] being asymmetric in shape and oblique in attachment.[11] As with most other Bryopsida, the opening through which the spores are released is surrounded by a double peristome (diplolepidious) formed from the cell walls of disintegrated cells.[12] The exostome (outer row) consists of 16 short articulated "teeth". Unlike most other mosses, the endostome (inner row) does not divide into teeth, but rather is a continuous pleated membrane around the capsule opening.[13] Only the genus Diphyscium has a similar peristome structure, although that genus has only 16 pleats in its endostome, in contrast to the 32 pleats in Buxbaumia.[3][12] Diphyscium shares with Buxbaumia one other oddity of the sporophyte; the foot (stalk base) ramifies as a result of outgrowths, so much so that they may be mistaken for rhizoids.[14]

Distribution and ecology

Sporophytes of Buxbaumia aphylla growing among other mosses. None of the visible leaves belong to Buxbaumia, which is a stemless and nearly leafless plant.

Species of Buxbaumia may be found across much of the temperate to subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as cooler regions of Australia and New Zealand.[6][8][15][16]

The moss is an annual or biennial plant and grows in disturbed habitats or as a pioneer species.[8][17] The plants grow on decaying wood, rock outcrops, or directly on the soil.[6][7] They do not grow regularly or reliably at given locations, and frequently disappear from places where they have previously been found.[7] Sporophyte stages begin their development in the autumn, and are green through the winter months.[7] Spores are mature and ready for dispersal by the late spring or early summer.[6][8] The spores are ejected from the capsule in puffs when raindrops fall upon the capsule's flattened top.[8]

The asymmetric sporophytes of Buxbaumia aphylla develop so that the opening is oriented towards the strongest source of light, usually towards the south.[8] The species often grows together with the diminutive liverwort Cephaloziella, which forms a blackish crust that is easier to spot than Buxbaumia itself.[8]

Classification

Buxbaumia is the only genus in the family Buxbaumiaceae, the order Buxbaumiales, and the subclass Buxbaumiidae.

Tetraphidales.[21] However, recent phylogenetic studies based on genomic and transcriptomic data[22][23] clearly support it as the sister group of all other Bryopsida
.

The genus Buxbaumia includes twelve species:

genus Buxbaumia
Buxbaumia aphylla
Buxbaumia colyerae
Buxbaumia himalayensis
Buxbaumia javanica
Buxbaumia minakatae
Buxbaumia novae-zelandiae
Buxbaumia piperi
Buxbaumia punctata
Buxbaumia symmetrica
Buxbaumia tasmanica
Buxbaumia thorsborneae
Buxbaumia viridis

Oedipodiopsida

Tetraphidopsida

Polytrichopsida

Bryopsida

Buxbaumia

Diphysciidae

The species and phylogenetic position of Buxbaumia.[18][20]

Because of the simplicity of its structure, Goebel interpreted Buxbaumia as a primitive moss, transitional between the

Polytrichopsida and the arthrodontous (cell wall teeth) peristome of the Bryopsida.[20]

References

  1. ^ Hedwig, Johann (1801). Species Muscorum frondosorum descriptae et tabulis aeneis lxxvii. Leipzig. p. 166.
  2. ^
    ISBN 0-06-040839-1
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-02-949660-8
    .
  4. ISBN 0-00-220212-3
    .
  5. ^ a b c d Campbell, Douglas H. (1918). The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns (3rd ed.). London: The Macmillan Co. pp. 8, 160–166, 220, 225–226.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-531823-4
    .
  7. ^ a b c d Marshall, Nina L. (1907). Mosses and Lichens. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp. 57, 260–262.
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-231-04516-6
    .
  9. S2CID 208956105
    .
  10. doi:10.1179/174328213X13789822578469 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  11. ISBN 0-697-04768-7
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 49381633045
    .
  13. ISBN 49381633045
    .
  14. ISBN 0-470-21359-0
    .
  15. ISBN 0-521-66097-1
    .
  16. doi:10.1179/jbr.1983.12.4.541
    .
  17. ^ Sullivant, William S. (1856). "The Musci and Hepaticae of the U. S. east of the Mississippi River". In Asa Gray (ed.). Manual of Botany (2nd ed.). New York: George P. Putnam & Co. pp. 639–640.
  18. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-87225-6
    .
  19. S2CID 85185192
    .
  20. ^
    ISBN 1-930723-38-5
    .
  21. ISBN 0-521-66097-1
    .
  22. S2CID 208956105
    .
  23. PMID 31645766
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buxbaumia.
Wikispecies has information related to Buxbaumia.
  • W. B. Schofield. 2004. Bryophyte Flora of North America: Buxbaumiaceae
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