Cambysene

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Cambysene was a region first attested in the Geographica ("Geography") of the ancient geographer and historian Strabo (64/3 BC – c. 24 AD). According to Strabo, it comprised one of the northernmost provinces of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia, and bordered on the Caucasus Mountains and a rough and waterless region through which a pass connecting Caucasian Albania and Iberia passed.[1]

Name

The spelling Cambysene is the

Stephen of Byzantium, following popular but unverified traditional etymology, Kambysēnē was a persikē khōra ("Persian country") named after Cambyses II (r.530–522 BC), King of Kings of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.[1] This claim is rejected by modern-day academics, who point to the Cambyses (modern Iori) river, a tributary of the Cyrus (Kura) river, as the origin of the word.[1] According to the Iranologist Ernst Herzfeld (1879–1948) both the Cyrus and Cambyses rivers as well as the Old Persian names Kuruš and Kambūjiya were derived from two ethnic groups; although considered to be an attractive assumption, Herzfeld's hypothesis is viewed as doubtful by modern-day academics.[1]

Geography

The precise boundaries of Cambysene are difficult to demarcate, but it is known that it constituted a border land between Armenia, Iberia and Caucasian Albania at the time of the 65 BC Roman military campaign in the region led by the general and statesman Pompey.[2][1] The German historian Wilhelm Fabricius (1861–1920) believed that it just comprised the territory between the Cambyses and Alazonius (modern Alazan) rivers; the modern-day consensus is that it was much larger, and probably stretched all the way from the Cyrus river in the west to the Alazonius river in the east.[1] Regardless of what Cambysene's precise boundaries actually were, the road(s) that passed through the region accorded to the region's geo-political importance.[1]

History

It is unknown whether Cambysene was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire.

Tigranes II of Armenia (r.95–55 BC), Cambysene was one of its provinces or districts.[1] Cambysene remained part of Armenia until it was conquered by Caucasian Albania, most likely after Tigranes was defeated in 69 BC by the Romans at the Battle of Tigranocerta.[1]

The 7th-century Armenian Geography written by Pseudo-Movses of Khoren, locates Kʿambēčan on the Kur river in Caucasian Albania, which reveals that Kʿambēčan must have been smaller than the Cambysene of the Classical authors.[1] The 10th-century historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi also mentioned the province of Kʿambēčan.[1]

The Kʿambēčan of Armenian historiography was conquered by the

Bagratid dynasty.[1] Its inhabitants were predominantly of Armenian origin and speakers of the Armenian language.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Chaumont 1990, p. 726.
  2. ^ Sherwin-White 1994, p. 257.

Sources

  • Chaumont, Marie Louise (1990). "CAMBYSENE". In .
  • Sherwin-White, A. N. (1994). "Lucullus, Pompey and the East". In Crook, J. A.; Lintott, A.; Rawson, E. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.