Candida parapsilosis
Candida parapsilosis | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Saccharomycetes |
Order: | Saccharomycetales |
Family: | Saccharomycetaceae |
Genus: | Candida |
Species: | C. parapsilosis
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Binomial name | |
Candida parapsilosis | |
Synonyms | |
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Candida parapsilosis is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people. Unlike Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, C. parapsilosis is not an obligate human pathogen, having been isolated from nonhuman sources such as domestic animals, insects and soil.[1] C. parapsilosis is also a normal human commensal and it is one of the fungi most frequently isolated from human hands.[1] There are several risk factors that can contribute to C. parapsilosis colonization. Immunocompromised individuals and surgical patients, particularly those undergoing surgery of the gastrointestinal tract, are at high risk for infection with C. parapsilosis.[1] There is currently no consensus on the treatment of invasive candidiasis caused by C. parapsilosis, although the therapeutic approach typically includes the removal of foreign bodies such as implanted prostheses and the administration of systemic antifungal therapy. Amphotericin B and Fluconazole are often used in the treatment of C. parapsilosis infection.[1]
History and taxonomy
Candida parapsilosis was discovered in
Biology
Candida parapsilosis does not form true
Disease
Endocarditis can be caused by C. parapsilosis in patients using prosthetic valves (57.4%), intravenous drug (20%), or having intravenous parenteral nutrition (6.9%), abdominal surgery (6.9%), immunosuppression (6.4%), treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics (5.6%), and previous valvular disease (4.8%). Although the mortality rate is 41.7% to 61%, the treatment is still unknown.[1] Ocular infection caused by C. parapsilosis has been reported after cataract extraction and with corticosteroid eye drop use.[1] C. parapsilosis infection of the skin and gastrointestinal tract[1] can occur, in which the production of pseudohyphae is associated with the elicitation of an inflammatory response.[3] Candida parapsilosis is occasionally encountered in onychomycosis.[6][7][8]
Adhesion capacity and biofilm are important for C. parapsilosis, because C. parapilosis infection is mostly due to the use of in-dwelling devices.[9] Adhesion capacity is the ability of fungus to adhere to other organisms' cells or tissue, especially mucosal surfaces,[1] which is required for initial colonization.[10] C. parapsilosis is associated with thin, unstructured biofilms that consist of aggregated blastospores whose membranes contain more carbohydrate than protein.[10] The existence of the fungus in a biofilm contributes to its ability to resist antifungal treatment.[1][9] Thus, adhesion to abiotic and biotic surfaces is often a precursor to infection.[11] The risk of C. parapsilosis infection is increased in the setting of implanted medical devices, prostheses, and therapy with hyperalimentation solutions.[1] Also, low-birth weight infants are at higher risk of sepsis from this species.[12]
References
- ^ PMID 18854483.
- ^ PMID 20636431.
- ^ PMID 28225025.
- ^ S2CID 18867907.
- S2CID 884540.
- PMID 8959955.
- PMID 27195165.
- ^ Different toenail onychomycosis due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida parapsilosis in an immunocompetent young adult, Gai Ge,a Dongmei Li,b Huan Mei,c Guixia Lu,c Hailin Zheng,c Weida Liu,c and Dongmei Shid,∗
- ^ PMID 15207060.
- ^ PMID 21569057.
- PMID 23403338.
- PMID 9597232.