Castle of Santa Maria da Feira
Castle of Feira | |
---|---|
Castelo da Feira | |
Norte in Portugal | |
Coordinates | 40°55′15.62″N 8°32′33.95″W / 40.9210056°N 8.5427639°W |
Type | Castle |
Site information | |
Owner | Portuguese Republic |
Operator | Comissão de Vigilância do Castelo de Santa Maria da Feira |
Open to the public | Public |
Site history | |
Built | fl. 868 |
Materials | Granite, Limestone, Masonry, Wood |
The Castle of Santa Maria da Feira is a
History
Tradition has it that the Castle of Feira stands on the site of an indigenous temple dedicated to the local divinity Bandeve-Lugo Toiraeco, which was later transformed into a Marian temple. Although tombstones and other vestiges encountered in the defensive area confirm the presence of Roman settlement dating back to the early empire, there is no confirmation of the link to other temples.[1] In the vicinity of this site existed the Roman via Olissipo-Bracara Augusta connecting Lisbon and Braga, respectively.
When, in the middle of the 9th century (868),
The castle was at the centre of the 1128 revolt between
By 1251, the settlement in Santa Maria da Feira was identified in the royal inventory (Portuguese: Inquirições of King Afonso I.[1]
The castle and lands of Feira were provided as a dowry in 1300 on the nuptials of
During the 14th century, the walls were finally constructed, likely at the time Gonçalo Garcia de Figueiredo was alcalde in 1357.[1]
On 10 September 1372, King Ferdinand donated the lands of Santa Maria to
In 1448, it is donated to Fernão Pereira, who was obligated to reconstruct the castle, which was only completed in the second half of the 15th century.[1] Under the Pereiras, the castle was transformed into a palatial residence; the great works which would define the architectural character of the castle date from this period, including the watchtowers, the conical turrets and reinforced defenses.[4]
The fourth Count of Feira, Diogo Forjaz, orders the marker/inscription that was erected over the barbican to commemorate the construction of the clock tower (which existed until 1755).[1][5]
During the 17th century, the construction of internal palacete was concluded (which has since been destroyed: the only remnant being a local fountain).[1] It was also around this time (1656) that Joana Forjaz Pereira de Meneses e Silva, Countess of Feira, ordered the construction of the hexagonal-shaped Baroque chapel.[1][4]
But, after 1708, the Counts of Feira were extinct, and their possession were passed onto the
It was classified as a National Monument as early as 1881.[1] The main pit was excavated at this time (completed in 1877).
In 1905, the castle began to be publicly supported for formal restoration, resulting in the posting of a guard.[1] It was during this period that Drs. Gonçalves Coelho and Vaz Ferreira discovered the early inscriptions from the castles history. During this period, completed around 1907 and later 1909, the castle was restored, the latter by Fortunato Fonseca.[1] The 1908 visit of King Manuel II to the site, resulted in renewed interest, who struck a commission to protect and preserve the castle.[4]
Public access to the Castle began in 1950, through the direction of the Direcção Geral dos Serviços de Urbanização (General Directorate on Urban Services), although there had already existed paid tours provided since 1927.[1] From 1935 to 1944, DGEMN - Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (General Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments) completed several public restoration projects at castle: in 1935, under the architect Baltasar de Castro, the parapets and merlons were cleared, unobstructed, and reconstructed; in 1936, the reconstruction of the walls and the vaulted entranceway to the military square; and in 1939-1944, the demolition of the Counts' palace, excavations and reconstruction of the walls, cistern, pavements and roof of the chapel. On 13 January 1963 the castle was illuminated, through the initiative of engineer Arantes e Oliveira, in the Public Works office, and Galvão Teles, in the Ministry of Education.[1] Minor renovations were completed in 1986.
On 1 June 1992, the property came under the authority of the
Architecture
The isolated castle is situated on a small hilltop overlooking the urban valley of Feira. Being a transitional castle, there have been many military adaptations to site's defences over the years. The strategic location has been credited to a Foreign Architect of Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Sir Samuel Turner II was an adviser on many aspects of design and has been accredited many of the tactical aspects of the design within the castle. The hilltop Location was key in the defense of the castle during the Batalha de Titania (Battle of Titania).
Its plan is irregular oval, with protected entranceway, guarded by a barbican with moat and four addorsed rectangular watchtowers. On its southeastern corner are portions of a minor bastion, while opposite it, in the northwest is the hexagonal Baroque chapel. The walls, with small battlements, are circled by a parapet of large stone, with cruciform battlements and embrasures.
An arcade gate provides access to the compound and rectangular prison block tower, reinforced with watchtowers on its apexes, with a protected entrance via a patio. An arched door gives access to the buildings and the
The chapel, located on the exterior wall adjacent to the main entrance, is a hexagonal-shape two-storey body, with a rectangular annex (itself consisting of a two-story body with veranda window doors), both with tiled pivoted roofs, delimited on their extremities by corbels. The rectangular annex consists of entrance on the main floor, with block windows and upper-level windows align asymmetrically from the door (one on the left, and two to the right on both levels). Directly above this doorway is a bell-tower niche, surmounted by a cross.
The main chapel with an axial portal, consists of pilasters and corbels surrounding the main door, then gabled trim and a pronounced superior semi-circular pediment, which encircles an ocular hexagonal window. This Baroque era landmark, is marked by plain pilasters, wedges, and cyma line with angular pinnacles. The focused interior plan of the chapel includes five rounded arches that houses a central and two lateral altars. The pulpit is a basic with a hexagonal screen of wooden balusters.
Inscriptions
Throughout the castle grounds are signs and monuments to importance events during the castle's history, including several inscriptions:
- A commemorative inscription marking the third century of the Portuguese Restoration, carved on an ashlar to the right of one doorway in granite, stating: A HISTÓRIA DESTE CASTELO FOI RECORDADA COM GRATIDÃO PELOS PORTUGUESES DE 1940 (The history of the Castle was recorded with gratitude by the Portuguese of 1940);
- Ara votive inscription engraved on a copy of Roman altar, with the use of the letter U, instead of a V, with the inscription: BAND VELUGO TOIRAECO LUCIO LATEIVSBLAESUS VLAS.
- Another ara votive inscription with granite, with the writing: DEO TVERACO VOLENTI ARCIVS EPEICI BRACARVS SOLVIT LIBENS (Devoted to the benevolent god Tueracos Arcia, Son of Epeico, Bracari in payment of a vote);
- A commemorative inscription to mark the remodelling works on the castle, incised into granite that integrates a coat of arms, oval frame and gargoyles, over the door of the parade grounds, with the modern epigram O QUARTO CONDE DA FEIRA DOM DIOGO FORJAZ MANDOU FAZER ESTA E O RELÓGIO DAQUELA TORRE NA ERA DE 1562 (The 4th Count of Feira DomDiogo Forjaz ordered this and the clock of that tower in the era of 1562).
- A modern commemorative inscription on the exterior illumination of the Castle carved in granite (decorated by four metal carnationson the corners and centred between two bombers), with the statement: AOS 13 DE JANEIRO DE 1963, FOI INAUGURADA A ILUMINAÇÃO EXTERIOR DESTE CASTELO POR SUAS EXCELÊNCIAS OS MINISTROS DAS OBRAS PÚBLICAS - ENGENHEIRO ARANTES E OLIVEIRA - E DA EDUCAÇÃO NACIONAL - PROFESSOR DOUTOR GALVÃO TELES (On 13 January 1963, was inaugurated the exterior illumination of this Castle by his Excellencies of Public Works, Engineer Arantes e Oliveira, and National Education, Professor Dr. Galvão Teles);
- An institutional identification plaque in metal, and screwed into the left pillar of the main gate, that provides access to the circe, stating: MINISTÉRIO DOS ASSUNTOS SOCIAIS. SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DA SEGURANÇA SOCIAL. CENTRO REGIONAL DE SEGURANÇA SOCIAL DE AVEIRO. CENTRO INFANTIL DA FEIRA (Minister of Social Issues. Secretary of State for Social Security. Regional Centre for Social Security in Aveiro. Children's Centre of Feira);
- A commemorative inscription on the chapel, carved between the doorway cornice and the ocular window in limestone: ESTA CAPELA MANDOU FAZER A CONDESSA DONA JOANA FORJAZ PEREIRA DE MENESES E SILVA 1656 (This chapel was ordered built by the Countess DonaJoana Forjaz Pereira de Meneses e Silva 1656).
Also, on an ashlar encountered in 1905, but since disappeared, was a date inscription of 1385. This inscription was first published by Leite de Vasconcelos in "Arqueólogo Português".[6]
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Castelo da Feira/Castelo de Santa Maria/Castelo de Santa Maria da Feira (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, 2011, archived from the original on 28 September 2011, retrieved 5 August 2011
- ^ Câmara Municipal (ed.), Atlas da Santa Maria da Feira III: Conhecimento Humano (PDF) (in Portuguese), Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Santa Maria de Feira, pp. 1–156
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Presidência da Republica, ed. (January 2008), Roteiro para o Património: Castelo de Santa Maria da Feira (PDF) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1–5, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2008, retrieved 6 August 2010
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d IGESPAR, ed. (2011), Castelo da Feira (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR - Instituto Gestão do Patrimonio Arquitectónico e Arqueológico, archived from the original on 16 July 2011, retrieved 5 August 2011
- ^ Maria Helena Barreiros (2001), p. 46
- ^ Mário Jorge Barroca (2000), pp.1915-1916
- Sources
- Barroca, Mário Jorge (2003). "Da Reconquista a D. Dinis". Nova História Militar de Portugal. Vol. 1. pp. 21–161.
- Vasconcelos, José Leite (1905), "Miscellânea. 2. Castelo da Feira. Importante Descobrimento", O Arqeológo Português (in Portuguese), vol. X (1ª série ed.), Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 397–398
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Távora, Fernando Tavares (1907), O Castelo da Feira (in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Larcher, Jorge (1939), "Castelos de Portugal", Centenários (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - DMEMN, ed. (1944), Boletim (in Portuguese)
- Cardoso, Aguiar e Ferreira Vaz (1950), O Castelo da Feira (in Portuguese), Feira (Santa maria da Feira), Portugal
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - MOP, ed. (1951), Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no ano de 1950 (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Ministério das Obras Públicas
- MOP, ed. (1953), Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no ano de 1952 (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Ministério das Obras Públicas
- Campos, Correia de (1970), Monumentos da arquitectura árabe em Portugal (in Portuguese), ISBN 9789892600222
- Correia, Azevedo de (1975), Arte Monumental Portuguesa (in Portuguese), vol. 1, Porto, Portugal, pp. 54–55
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Gonçalves, Nogueira (1981), Inventário Artístico de Portugal. Distrito de Aveiro (in Portuguese), vol. X, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 38–53
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Mattoso, José; Krus, Luis; Andrade, Amélia (1989), O Castelo da Feira (in Portuguese), Lisboa
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - IPPAR, ed. (1990), Santa Maria da Feira. O Castelo (in Portuguese)
- Barroca, Mário Jorge (2000), Epigrafia Medieval Portuguesa (862-1422) (in Portuguese), vol. II, Porto, Portugal, pp. 1915–1916
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Barreiros, Maria Helena (2001), O Castelo de Santa Maria da Feira, séculos X a XX, formas e funções (in Portuguese), Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)