Chad–Libya border

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Map of the Chad-Libya border

The Chad–Libya border is 1,050 km (652 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Niger in the west, to the tripoint with Sudan in the east.[1]

Description

Travelling near the Chad-Libya border

The border consists of two straight line segments.

Sahara Desert, cutting through parts of the Tibesti Mountains in the far west. The remote Bikku Bitti mountain is located very close to the border on the Libyan side.[3]

History

The

Congo-Brazzaville).[4] From these bases the French explored further into the interior, eventually linking the two areas following expeditions in April 1900 which met at Kousséri in the far north of modern Cameroon.[4] These newly conquered regions were initially ruled as military territories, with the two areas later organised into the federal colonies of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, abbreviated AOF) and French Equatorial Africa
(Afrique équatoriale française, AEF).

British-French Agreement of 1899

Britain and France had agreed between them on 21 March 1899 that east of the Niger River, French influence would extend no further north than that of a diagonal line running from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 16th meridian east to the 24th meridian east, thus creating the long line section of the modern Chad–Libya border.[4][2][5]

The Ottomans protested this treaty and began moving troops into the southern regions of the Vilayet of Tripolitania.

Chad-Sudan border. In 1934 Britain and Italy confirmed the border between Italian Libya and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, by which Britain ceded the Sarra Triangle to Italy, extending Libyan territory to the southwest and thereby creating the modern Libya-Sudan border and much of the modern Chad–Libya border.[4][2]

Aouzou Strip

On 18 March 1931 France transferred the

Second World War Italy was defeated and its African colonies were occupied by the Allied powers, with Libya split into British and French zones of occupation.[4]
Libya was later granted full independence on 2 December 1951.

A Franco-Libyan treaty was signed on 1 August 1955 which recognised the existing boundary and confirmed French ownership of the Aouzou Strip.[5][4][2] Chad later gained independence from France on 11 August 1960 and the border became an international frontier between two independent states.[2]

The Aouzou strip shown in red

Libyan Border

In 1969

Chadian-Libyan conflict, which lasted until 1987, whereupon the two countries agreed to resolved the border dispute peacefully.[5] In 1990 the Aouzou case was referred to the International Court of Justice, which ruled in 1994 that the Strip belonged to Chad.[11]

Since then the situation on this remote border quietened considerably. However, in recent years the border has been the focus of renewed attention due to the ongoing

instability in Libya since the overthrow of Gaddafi in 2011, the rise in the numbers of refugees and migrants crossing the Sahara,[12] and also the discovery of gold in north-west Chad in the late 2000s-early 2010s which prompted an uncontrolled gold rush.[13]

In March 2019 Chadian President

Chadian Army with guarding the border, including launching air strikes against anti-government rebels.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. ^ CIA World Factbook - Chad, 5 October 2019
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Brownlie, Ian (1979). African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp. 121–26.
  3. ^ "Pic Bette, Libya" on Peakbagger Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 28 September 2011
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k International Boundary Study No. 3 – Chad-Libya Boundary (revised) (PDF), 15 December 1978, retrieved 5 October 2019
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Robert W. McKoeon Jr. (1991), The Aouzou Strip: Adjudication of Competing Territorial Claims in Africa by the International Court of Justice, Case Western Reserve University School of Law, retrieved 9 October 2019
  6. doi:10.2307/2212446
  7. ^ "Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912". Mount Holyoke College, Program in International Relations. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  8. ^ "HISTORY OF LIBYA". HistoryWorld.
  9. ^ Hodder, Lloyd, McLachlan (1998). Land-locked states of Africa and Asia, Volume 2, p. 32. Frank Cass, London, Great Britain.
  10. ^ "Public sitting held on Monday 14 June 1993 in the case concerning Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamayiriya/Chad)" (PDF). International Court of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2001. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), ICJ, retrieved 9 October 2019
  12. ^ Chad, a new hub for migrants and smugglers?, Clingdendael Institute, September 2018, retrieved 5 October 2019
  13. ^ "BBC - Chad gold mine collapse leaves about 30 people dead", BBC News, 26 September 2019
  14. ^ Sami Zaptia (5 March 2019), Chad closes its border with Libya, Libya Herald, retrieved 9 October 2019
  15. ^ French air strikes target convoy entering Chad from Libya, France 24, 4 February 2019, retrieved 9 October 2019
  16. ^ George Allison (11 February 2019), French jets strike convoy entering Chad from Libya, UKDF, retrieved 9 October 2019
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