Christian Munsee

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the Old Slavic tribe, see Moravians (tribe).
For the Christian Indians in New England, see
Praying Indians
.
The power of the Gospel: Zeisberger preaching to the Indians by Christian Schussele (1862)

The Christian Munsee are a group of

Methodist Church, United Church of Canada, among other Christian denominations.[1]

The Christian Munsee tribe has produced several people who have become notable figures in

Moravian of the Thames reservation).[2]

Present-day Christian Munsee communities include

Moravian of the Thames, the Christian Munsee tribe in Kansas, and the Stockbridge–Munsee Community.[3][4]

History

Starting in the 1740s, the

Gospel message with the entirety of the Christian faith.[5] As such, Moravian Christian missionaries developed the orthography for Lenape dialects and David Zeisberger "compiled dictionaries of various Native tongues, translating them into English and German".[5][6]

Mid-Atlantic states and Ohio

The Munsee were the Wolf Clan of the Lenape, occupying the area where present-day New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey meet. The first recorded European contact occurred in 1524, when Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed into what is now New York Harbor. Like most native peoples of the Atlantic coast, the Munsee suffered from the introduction of European diseases, such as smallpox and influenza, that were endemic among the newcomers, but to which they had no acquired immunity. Those who survived were forced inland by encroaching European settlements.

By the mid-18th century, one group of Lenape people began to follow the teachings of

Protestant denomination from Herrnhut in the German state of Saxony
. They sought to protect their converts by creating separate mission villages in the frontier, apart from both European settlers and from other native people.

The most prominent missionary among the Munsee was

Gnadenhütten. The Munsee protested their innocence of the incidents and explained their Christian convictions and practice of non-combatant and nonresistance. But the militia took a vote and decided to kill all of these "Indians", including the women and children. Those killed are known as the Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs.[7][8][9]

While the American militiamen murdered the Moravian Christian Indians in Gnadenhutten, a messenger sent by the Moravian missionaries in

Schoenbrunn on March 6 in order to deliver the news that all of them would be moving to Detroit. Two of the Moravian Indians from Schoenbrunn went to tell their brethren in Gnadenhutten but on their journey there, they saw that American soldiers had mangled body of Joseph Schebosh Jr, a Moravian with an Indian mother and European father.[10] They buried his body and quickly returned to warn their brethren in Schoenbrunn as they thought that the others at Gnadenhutten met the same fate.[10] The Moravian Christian Indians at Schoenbrunn fled to Sandusky before the American militiamen could reach Schoenbrunn, where they planned to commit another massacre.[10]

In 1798, David Zeisberger led many of the Moravian Christian Indians back to Ohio, where they established the

Schoenbrunn. Zeisberger lived there until his death, after which many of the Moravian Christian Indians moved to Ontario (cf. Delaware Nation at Moraviantown) and others to Kansas, along with Christian missionaries who continued to live and work among them.[11][12] The descendants of Jacob and Ester, the surviving children of Israel Welapachtshechen (who was martyred in the Gnadenhutten massacre), make up the majority of the Christian Munsee tribe in Kansas today.[13]

Ontario

After ten more years of strife, most of the Christian Munsee followed Zeisberger to Ontario, Canada, where they established a new home at Fairfield, commonly known as Moraviantown, along the Thames River.[14] There they lived in relative peace for twenty years, supporting themselves with their farming and industry.

But they became unwitting victims during the War of 1812, when American soldiers burned their village to the ground during the Battle of the Thames. The battle is well known historically as a victory for United States General William Henry Harrison, and for the death of the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, an ally of the British, but the destruction of Moraviantown is little more than a footnote. The Munsee fled into the wilderness for safe haven until hostilities had ceased, then returned to build a new Fairfield across the Thames River to the south, which is now known as Moraviantown.

In 1903, the Moravian Christians transferred the Munsee mission in Moraviantown to

United Protestant denomination.[1]

Wisconsin

By the 1830s, a faction of the Christian Munsee favored a move to the American West. In 1837, some of the Munsee from Fairfield journeyed to

Stockbridge-Munsee Community in Shawano County, Wisconsin
.

However, most of the Munsee eventually returned to Canada.[

Munsee-Delaware Nation
.

Kansas

A small band of Christian Munsee decided to migrate again, this time to Kansas Territory, to join their non-Christian Lenape kinsmen. They settled first in Wyandotte County, then Leavenworth County. A few families settled near Fort Scott in Bourbon County. By 1857, most of the other Lenape (of Kansas) were removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).

The Christian Munsee, who then numbered less than one hundred, chose to purchase a new reservation in

Ojibwa (Chippewa) that had migrated from Michigan. The Treaty of 1859 officially combined the Swan Creek and Black River Band Chippewa and the Christian Munsee on a reservation of twelve square miles along the Marais des Cygnes River near the town of Ottawa
. Signing the treaty for the Munsee were Henry Donohoe, Ignatius Caleb, and John Williams.

Although the two tribes shared a reservation and were considered one tribe by the United States government in all dealings, they maintained their separate identities in cultural and religious practices. The Moravian church continued to send

missionaries
to the Munsee.

Under the Dawes Act, the Chippewa-Christian Indian Reservation, as it was known in the 1859 treaty, was allotted to the individual members and descendants of the tribes in separate 160-acre plots. The people eventually accepted assimilation. In 1900, the final disbursement of federal funds was paid, and all benefits and official recognition as Native Americans were dissolved. A number of the Christian Munsee Tribe in Kansas live on the reservation in Ottawa, Kansas where they cling to their Christian faith and Lenape heritage.[3]

Notable members of the Christian Munsee tribe

The Christian Munsee tribe has produced several people who have become notable figures in both Christianity and the Delaware Nation as a whole:

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7735-2843-7
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-1-878592-73-6
    .
  3. ^ a b "The History of the Kansas Munsee". The Kansas Munsee. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  4. ISBN 978-0-8032-2683-8
    .
  5. ^ a b c d Steele, T.A.; Miller, Jon (2006). David Zeisberger, Diary for March 23, 1782. University of Akron.
  6. ISBN 978-0-16-048774-3
    .
  7. The Times Reporter
    . Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  8. ^ Wilcox, Frank N. (1933). Ohio Indian Trails (2 ed.). The monument to the Moravian martyrs at Gnadenhutten stands upon the site of the Indian town, now the modern cemetery. The small mounds mark the graves of the victims whose bones were gathered by the faithful missionaries some time after the massacre. At Goshen, a short distance up the Tuscarawas, is the grave of the leader Zeisberger.
  9. ^ Stewart, G.T.; Gallup, C.H. (1899). The Firelands Pioneer. Firelands Historical Society. p. 246. In the village cemetery, where lie the dead of a century, stands a huge granite monument. This graceful shaft marks the resting place of ninety Christian Indian martyrs whose ruthless butchery furnishes one of the darkest pages in American history.
  10. ^ a b c Mansfield, John Brandt (1884). The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Gordon Printing. pp. 295–303.
  11. ISBN 978-0-547-52367-5
    .
  12. ^ Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Historical Society. 1910. pp. 317–319.
  13. ^ Mast, Greg (6 March 2020). "Munsee tribe remembers historic massacre". Ottawa Herald. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  14. ^ Zeisberger, David (1721-1808), bu.edu
  15. ^ a b "Turtle Chief Tamanend Made a Peace Treaty". Crosswalk. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  16. ISBN 978-1-4962-2356-2
    .
  17. ^ Valderrama, David (25 August 2010). "Glikhikan, captain of the Lenni Lenape Wolf Clan, speaker in the council of Kaskaskunk, and principal advisor of the great chief Custaloga: Martyred 1782 A.D." Early Christian Life. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  • Census of the Chippewa and Christian Indians, June 30, 1893. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Building.
  • Gray, Elma E. (1956). Wilderness Christians — the Moravian Mission to the Delaware Indians. Toronto: Macmillan.
  • Olmstead, Earl P. (1991). Blackcoats among the Delaware — David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
  • Weslager, C. A. (1974). "Enrollment List of Chippewa and Delaware-Munsies Living in Franklin County, Kansas, May 31, 1900". Kansas Historical Quarterly. 40 (2): 234–40.

External links

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