New Jersey
New Jersey | |
---|---|
State of New Jersey | |
Seal | |
Nickname: The Garden State[1] | |
Motto(s): Liberty and prosperity | |
Country | United States |
Before statehood | Province of New Jersey |
Admitted to the Union | December 18, 1787 (3rd) |
Capital | Trenton |
Largest city | Newark |
Largest county or equivalent | Bergen |
Largest metro and urban areas | New York |
Government | |
• Governor | Phil Murphy (D) |
• Lieutenant Governor | Tahesha Way (D) |
Legislature | New Jersey Legislature |
• Upper house | Senate |
• Lower house | General Assembly |
Judiciary | Supreme Court of New Jersey |
U.S. senators | Bob Menendez (D) Cory Booker (D) |
U.S. House delegation | 9 Democrats 3 Republicans (list) |
Area | |
• Total | 8,722.58 sq mi (22,591.38 km2) |
• Land | 7,354.22[2] sq mi (19,047.34 km2) |
• Water | 1,368.36 sq mi (3,544.04 km2) 15.7% |
• Rank | 47th |
Dimensions | |
• Length | 170 mi (273 km) |
• Width | 70 mi (112 km) |
Elevation | 250 ft (80 m) |
Highest elevation | 1,803 ft (549.6 m) |
Lowest elevation (Atlantic Ocean[3]) | 0 ft (0 m) |
Population | |
• Total | 9,288,994 |
• Rank | 11th |
• Density | 1,263.0/sq mi (487.6/km2) |
• Rank | 1st |
• Median household income | $82,545[4] |
• Income rank | 3rd |
Demonym(s) | New Jerseyan (official),[7] New Jerseyite[8][9] |
Language | |
• Official language | None |
• Spoken language | |
EDT) | |
USPS abbreviation | NJ |
ISO 3166 code | US-NJ |
Traditional abbreviation | N.J. |
Latitude | 38°56′ N to 41°21′ N |
Longitude | 73°54′ W to 75°34′ W |
Website | nj |
New Jersey (
New Jersey was first inhabited by
New Jersey remained in the Union during the American Civil War and provided troops, resources, and military leaders in support of the Union Army. After the war, the state emerged as a major manufacturing center and a leading destination for immigrants, helping drive the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. New Jersey was the site of many industrial, technological, and commercial innovations,[14] including the first town (Roselle) to be illuminated by electricity, the first incandescent light bulb, and the first steam locomotive.[15] Many prominent Americans associated with New Jersey have proven influential nationally and globally, including in academia, advocacy, business, entertainment, government, military, non-profit leadership, and other fields.
New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis helped fuel its rapid growth and
As of 2022, New Jersey had the highest annual
History
Around 180 million years ago, during the
Since the 6th millennium BC, Native American people have inhabited New Jersey, beginning with the Lenape tribe. Scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that represents present-day New Jersey.[27] The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape were divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. Clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Dutch and later European settlers was through fur trade.
Colonial era
The
During the
Since its inception, New Jersey has been characterized by
Settlement for the first ten years of English rule took place along the
In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a
Revolutionary War era
New Jersey was one of the
During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is sometimes referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution".[30] The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established in New Jersey twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution."[31]
On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under
Continental Army forces under Washington's command met British forces under General
In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the war.
On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the
The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to all inhabitants who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and Black people, but not married women because they were not legally permitted to own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of petticoat electors, whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage, excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.[34]
19th century
On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the American Civil War's end, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage.[35] New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.
Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing industries in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City.
In 1844, the second
New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being
In the
20th century
New Jersey prospered through the
Through both
In 1951, the
In the 1960s,
21st century
In the early part of the 2000s, two
Geography
New Jersey is located at the center of the
New Jersey is broadly divided into the North, Central, and South Jersey geographic regions, although some residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right. Across the regions are five distinct areas divided by natural geography and population concentration. Northeastern New Jersey, often referred to as the Gateway Region, lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work, many via public transportation.[65] The Jersey Shore, along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey, has its own unique natural, residential, and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. South Jersey represents the southernmost geographical region of the northeastern United States. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Delaware Valley surrounding Philadelphia.
Despite its heavily urban character and a long history of
Prominent geographic features
- Meadowlands
- New Jersey Pine Barrens
- Delaware Water Gap
- Great Bay
- Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
- Highlands
- Hudson Palisades
- Jersey Shore
- On the shore, New Jersey hosts the highest concentration of oceanside boardwalks in the world.
- Ramapo Mountain
- South Mountain
Climate
The state consists of two climate zones; the southernmost edges of the state have a
Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of 82–87 °F (28–31 °C) and lows of 60–69 °F (16–21 °C); however, temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average 25 days each summer, exceeding 100 °F (38 °C) in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of 34–43 °F (1–6 °C) and lows of 16 to 28 °F (−9 to −2 °C) for most of the state, but temperatures can, for brief periods, fall below 10 °F (−12 °C) and sometimes rise above 50 °F (10 °C). Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub-0 °F (−18 °C) being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The
Average annual precipitation ranges from 43 to 51 inches (1,100 to 1,300 mm), spread uniformly throughout the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) in the south and near the seacoast, 15–30 inches (38–76 cm) in the northeast and central part of the state, to about 40–50 inches (1.0–1.3 m) in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.
During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience
Climate change
Average high and low temperatures in various cities of New Jersey °C (°F)[1] [2] [3] | ||||||||||||
City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Sussex | 1/−9 (34/16) | 3/−8 (38/18) | 8/−4 (47/26) | 15/2 (59/36) | 21/7 (70/45) | 25/12 (78/55) | 28/16 (82/60) | 27/14 (81/58) | 23/10 (73/50) | 17/4 (62/38) | 11/−1 (51/31) | 4/−6 (39/22) |
Newark | 4/−4 (39/24) | 6/−3 (42/27) | 10/1 (51/34) | 17/7 (62/44) | 22/12 (72/53) | 28/17 (82/63) | 30/20 (86/69) | 29/20 (84/68) | 25/15 (77/60) | 18/9 (65/48) | 13/4 (55/39) | 6/−1 (44/30) |
Atlantic City | 5/−2 (42/29) | 6/−1 (44/31) | 10/3 (50/37) | 14/8 (58/46) | 19/13 (67/55) | 24/18 (76/64) | 27/21 (81/70) | 27/21 (80/70) | 24/18 (75/64) | 18/11 (65/53) | 13/6 (56/43) | 8/1 (46/34) |
Cape May | 6/−2 (42/28) | 7/−2 (44/29) | 11/2 (51/35) | 16/7 (61/44) | 21/12 (70/53) | 26/17 (79/63) | 29/20 (85/68) | 29/19 (83/67) | 25/16 (78/61) | 19/9 (67/50) | 14/4 (57/41) | 8/0 (47/32) |
Administrative divisions
New Jersey is a Democratic stronghold. New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 24–16, and Assembly, 46–34), 9–3 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. There have been recent Republican governors, however: Christine Todd Whitman won election in 1993 and 1997 and Chris Christie in 2009 and 2013.
In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party, having last voted for a Republican for president in 1988. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrently serving black and Latino U.S. senators.[284]
The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).[285] Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County, had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party.
The northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and Cape May County as well as in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially in Hunterdon County, Sussex County, and Warren County.
To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.[286]
Capital punishment
On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey was the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965.[287] Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".[288]
Points of interest
Boardwalks
New Jersey is home to the world's highest concentration of boardwalks.[citation needed] Many communities along the Jersey Shore having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, arcades, water parks, and amusement parks. The Atlantic City boardwalk, opened in 1870, as the world's first boardwalk.[289] At 5+1⁄2 miles (8.9 km) long, it is also the world's longest and busiest boardwalk.[190][290]
Venue | Amusement Park | Location | Year opened |
---|---|---|---|
Asbury Park Boardwalk | Asbury Splash Park | Asbury Park | 1871 |
Atlantic City Boardwalk
|
Steel Pier | Atlantic City | 1870 |
Jenkinson's Boardwalk | None | Point Pleasant Beach | 1928 |
Ocean City Boardwalk
|
Gillian's Wonderland Pier
|
Ocean City | 1929 |
Pier Village | None | Long Branch | 2005 |
Seaside Heights Boardwalk | Casino Pier | Seaside Heights | 1932 |
Wildwood Boardwalk | Morey's Piers | The Wildwoods | 1969 |
Museums
Museum | Location | Year opened | Type |
---|---|---|---|
New Jersey State Museum | Trenton | 1895 | General education |
Franklin Mineral Museum | Franklin, Sussex County | 1964 | Mineral museum |
Liberty Science Center | Jersey City
|
1993 | Science museum |
Maywood Station Museum | Maywood | 2004 | Railroad museum |
Montclair Art Museum | Montclair | 1914 | Art museum |
Newark Museum
|
Newark | 1909 | Natural science and art museum |
Princeton University Art Museum | Princeton | 1884 | Art museum |
Thomas Edison Center | Menlo Park | 1938 | Thomas Edison museum |
National Park Service areas
- Appalachian National Scenic Trail
- Crossroads of the American Revolution
- Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
- Gateway National Recreation Area
- Great Egg Harbor National Scenic and Recreational River
- Morristown National Historical Park
- New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve
- Patterson Great Falls National Historical Park
- Statue of Liberty National Monument (with Ellis Island)
- Thomas Edison National Historical Park
- Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route[291]
Entertainment and concert venues
Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:
Venue | Type | Location | Year opened |
---|---|---|---|
Prudential Center | Arena | Newark | 2007 |
New Brunswick Performing Arts Center | Regional Theater | New Brunswick | 2019 |
PNC Bank Arts Center | Amphitheater
|
Holmdel | 1977 |
New Jersey Performing Arts Center | Concert Hall | Newark | 1997 |
Paper Mill Playhouse | Regional Theater | Millburn | 1968 |
State Theater
|
Regional Theater | New Brunswick | 1921 |
Boardwalk Hall | Arena | Atlantic City | 1926 |
Freedom Mortgage Pavilion | Amphitheater
|
Camden | 1995 |
CURE Insurance Arena | Arena | Trenton | 1999 |
Theme parks
Main park | Other parks | Location | Year opened |
---|---|---|---|
Clementon Amusement Park
|
Splash World | Clementon | 1907 |
Diggerland | West Berlin | 2014 | |
DreamWorks Waterpark | East Rutherford | 2020[294] | |
Fantasy Island | Thundering Surf Water Park | Beach Haven | 1985 |
The Funplex (Mount Laurel) | The Funplex (East Hanover) | Mount Laurel | |
iPlay America
|
Freehold | 2011 | |
Keansburg Amusement Park | Runaway Rapids | Keansburg | 1904 |
Land of Make Believe | Pirate's Cove | Hope | 1954 |
Mountain Creek Waterpark | Vernon | 1998 | |
Nickelodeon Universe | East Rutherford | 2019[295] | |
Six Flags Great Adventure | Six Flags Hurricane Harbor | Jackson
|
1974 |
Storybook Land | Egg Harbor Township | 1955 | |
Wild West City | Stanhope | 1957 |
See also
- Index of New Jersey–related articles
- List of people from New Jersey
- Outline of New Jersey
- COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey
Notes
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
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External links
State government
- Official New Jersey state web site
- New Jersey travel and tourism information from the New Jersey Department of State, Division of Travel and Tourism
- New Jersey State Databases—annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Jersey state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association
- Descriptions of NJ forms of government (township, borough, etc.) from State League of Municipalities
U.S. government
- Energy Data & Statistics for New Jersey
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of New Jersey
- US Census Bureau
- USDA New Jersey State Facts
Other
- New Jersey at Curlie
- The New Jersey Digital Highway, the statewide cultural heritage portal to digital collections from the state's archives, libraries and museums Archived February 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- Geographic data related to New Jersey at OpenStreetMap
- New Jersey: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress