Claudio Merulo

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Claudio Merulo
Correggio, Italy
Died4 May 1604(1604-05-04) (aged 71)
Parma, Italy
GenresClassical
Occupation(s)Composer, publisher, organist
Instrument(s)Organ

Claudio Merulo (Italian pronunciation:

blackbird) when he became famous in Venetian
cultural clubs.

Life

Little is known about his early life except that he studied in

Duomo Vecchio), and his skill as an organist must have been impressive, because he became organist at St. Mark's, one of the most prestigious positions for an organist in Italy, in 1557; he was selected over a list of candidates that included Andrea Gabrieli
. This was the first important event of his career, and he was considered to be the finest organist in Italy.

It is important to note that in St. Mark's there were two organs, and two separate organists were appointed to play them: in 1557 Merulo was appointed to the second, smaller organ, while Annibale Padovano remained at the post of first organist.

After Padovano's hurried departure from Venice in 1566, Merulo was appointed to the first organ, and

Franceso de’ Medici and Bianca Cappello in 1579 and wrote music of celebration for Henry III of France
, who visited Venice in 1574.

In 1584, he suddenly left this position in Venice. The reasons for this are unclear, and somewhat surprising; in Venice he was well-paid, and had a very good reputation; and St. Mark's was one of the most important places for an organist. However, in December 1584 his name appears in payment register of

Farnesia Court of Parma
.

In 1587 he was appointed as organist in

Santa Maria della Steccata. While here, he requested improvements to the organ, carried out by Costanzo Antegnati
, the last heir of the great Brescian family of organ makers. We can deduce that Merulo used the Steccata's organ for his proofs of new composition, based on his Venetian experience, and continued to compose in this style.

He lived in Parma until his death. During this period, he made several trips in Venice and Rome, where he published his famous two volume Toccate per organo.

Merulo died in Parma on 4 May 1604 and was buried in Parma Cathedral near to the tomb of Cipriano de Rore. He left a daughter and his wife Amabilia Banzola.

Music and influence

Merulo is famous for his keyboard music. His

madrigalists than with keyboard music of the time. His keyboard music was hugely influential, and his ideas can be seen in the music of Sweelinck, Frescobaldi and others; because of the immense influence of Sweelinck as a teacher, much of the virtuoso keyboard technique of the north German organ school, culminating in Johann Sebastian Bach
, can claim to be descended from the innovations of Merulo.

Even though the fame of his instrumental music has overshadowed much of his

Madrigali
a 5 voices (1566 and 1604), one of Madrigali a 4 (1579) and a 3 (1580).

The famous essay of keyboard technique Il Transilvano (1593), by Girolamo Diruta, was dedicated to Merulo, indicating his status as one of the most important keyboard players of the Italian Renaissance.

Works

  • Ricercari d’Intavolatura d’Organo, Libro primo (1567):
  1. Ricercar del primo tuono
  2. Ricercar del secondo tuono
  3. Ricercar del terzo tuono
  4. Ricercar del quarto tuono
  5. Ricercar dell’undecimo tuno
  6. Ricercar del duodecimo tuono
  7. Ricercar del settimo tuono
  8. Ricercar dell’ottavo tuono
  • Toccata del terzo tuono from Il Transilvano, part I, by
    Diruta
    (1597)
  • Toccate d’Intavolatura d’Organo, Book 1 (1598):
  1. Primo Tuono Toccata prima
  2. Primo Tuono Toccata seconda
  3. Secondo Tuono Toccata terza
  4. Secondo Tuono Toccata quarta
  5. Secondo Tuono Toccata quinta
  6. Terzo Tuono Toccata sesta
  7. Terzo Tuono Toccata settima
  8. Quarto Tuono Toccata ottava
  9. Quarto Tuono Toccata nona
  • Toccate d’Intavolatura d’Organo, Book 2 (1604):
  1. Undecimo detto Quinto Tuono Toccata prima
  2. Undecimo detto Quinto Tuono Toccata seconda
  3. Duodecimo detto Sesto Tuono Toccata terza
  4. Duodecimo detto Sesto Tuono Toccata quarta
  5. Settimo Tuono Toccata quinta
  6. Settimo Tuono Toccata sesta
  7. Ottavo Tuono Toccata settima
  8. Ottavo Tuono Toccata ottava
  9. Nono Tuono Toccata nona
  10. Decimo Tuono Toccata decima
  • Canzoni d’Intavolatura d’Organo, a quattro voci, fatte alla francese, Book 1 (1592) :
  1. La Bovia
  2. La Zambeccara
  3. La Gratiosa
  4. La Cortese
  5. La Benvenuta
  6. La Leonora
  7. L’Albergata
  8. La Rolanda
  9. Petit Jacquet
  • Canzoni d'intavolatura d'organo fatte alla francese, Book 2:
  1. La Ironica
  2. La Jolette
  3. La Pazza
  4. La Palma
  5. La Pargoletta
  6. La Rosa
  7. La Radivila
  8. La Seula
  9. La Scarampa
  10. L'Arconadia
  11. Petite Camusette
  • Canzoni d'intavolatura d'organo fatte alla francese, Book 3:
  1. Languissans
  2. Onques amour
  3. Susanne un jour
  4. Content
  • Madrigali a 5 libro I (1566) e II (1604)
  • Madrigali a 4 (1579)
  • Madrigali a 3 (1580)
  • Mottetti a 5 libro I (1578), II (1578)
  • Mottetti a 6 libro I (1583), II (1593) e III (1605, postumo)
  • Sacrae Cantiones (1578)
  • Mottetti a 4 (1584)
  • Sacri Concentus (1594)
  • Messe a 5 (1573)

References and further reading

  • Giuseppe Martini, Claudio Merulo. Parma, Ordine Costantiniano di S. Giorgio, 2005 (512 pp., with ill.)
    ISBN 88-901673-8-6
  • Eleanor Selfridge-Field, Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi. New York, Dover Publications, 1994.
    ISBN 0-486-28151-5
  • Article "Claudio Merulo," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
    ISBN 1-56159-174-2
  • ISBN 0-393-09530-4

External links


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