Coercion

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Coercion (disambiguation). "Duress" redirects here. For other uses, see Duress (disambiguation).

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Behavioural influences

Coercion involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of

Common-law systems codify the act of violating a law while under coercion as a duress crime.[citation needed
]

Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their own interests. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of bodily harm, but also psychological abuse (the latter intended to enhance the perceived credibility of the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced. The concepts of coercion and persuasion are similar, but various factors distinguish the two. These include the intent, the willingness to cause harm, the result of the interaction, and the options available to the coerced party.[4]: 126 

Political authors such as John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and Ronald Dworkin contend whether governments are inherently coercive.[5]: 28  In 1919, Max Weber (1864–1920), building on the view of Ihering (1818–1892),[6] defined a state as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".[7][8] Morris argues that the state can operate through incentives rather than coercion.[5]: 42  Healthcare systems may use informal coercion to make a patient adhere to a doctor's treatment plan. Under certain circumstances, medical staff may use physical coercion to treat a patient involuntarily.,[9] a practice which raises ethical concerns.[10] Such practices has also been shown to cause moral distress among healthcare staff, especially when staff attitudes toward coercive measures are negative.[11] To minimize the need for coercion in psychiatric care, various models such as Safewards [12] and Six Core Strategies have been implemented with promising results.[13]

Overview

The purpose of coercion is to substitute one's aims with weaker ones that the aggressor wants the victim to have. For this reason, many social philosophers have considered coercion as the polar opposite to freedom.[14] Various forms of coercion are distinguished: first on the basis of the kind of injury threatened, second according to its aims and scope, and finally according to its effects, from which its legal, social, and ethical implications mostly depend.

Physical

Physical coercion is the most commonly considered form of coercion, where the content of the conditional threat is the use of force against a victim, their relatives or property. An often used example is "putting a gun to someone's head" (at gunpoint) or putting a "knife under the throat" (at knifepoint or cut-throat) to compel action under the threat that non-compliance may result in the attacker harming or even killing the victim. These are so common that they are also used as metaphors for other forms of coercion.

Armed forces in many countries use

firing squads to maintain discipline and intimidate the masses, or opposition, into submission or silent compliance. However, there also are nonphysical forms of coercion, where the threatened injury does not immediately imply the use of force. Byman and Waxman (2000) define coercion as "the use of threatened force, including the limited use of actual force to back up the threat, to induce an adversary to behave differently than it otherwise would."[15] Coercion does not in many cases amount to destruction of property
or life since compliance is the goal.

Pain compliance

This section is an excerpt from Pain compliance.[edit]
hyperflexion on joints is also used.[17] Tools such as a whip or a baton (capable of inflicting blunt trauma), an electroshock weapon, or chemicals such as tear gas or pepper spray are commonly used as well.[18]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Definition of coercion". Merriam-Webster. December 2023. the act, process, or power of coercing
  2. JSTOR j.ctt5vm52s
    .
  3. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v
    . 'Coercion' means efforts to change the behavior of a state by manipulating costs and benefits.
  4. S2CID 32041658
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 143472087
    .
  6. ISBN 9781317833369
    . Retrieved 28 March 2023. The state, as Ihering defined it, is an association that is distinguished as a type of association by its claim of an exclusive right to exercise certain forms of coercion.
  7. ^ Weber, Max (1919) [28 January 1919]. "Politics as a Vocation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2023. In the past, the most varied institutions – beginning with the sib – have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
  8. ISBN 9780300156324
    . Retrieved 28 March 2023. In Max Weber's classic definition, the state is 'a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a territory.'
  9. PMID 28018248
    .
  10. PMID 25475895
    .
  11. PMID 40022125
    .
  12. PMID 24548312
    .
  13. PMID 28960739
    .
  14. ISBN 978-81-7534-894-3
    .
  15. International Security
    , Vol. 24, No. 4 (Spring, 2000), pp. 5–38.
  16. S2CID 154365926
    .
  17. ^ "USMC Martial Arts Gray Belt Instructor Manual". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  18. S2CID 253113380
    .

References
Look up coercion, at gunpoint, or at knifepoint in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Coercion.
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