Coinage of Nepal

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The earliest coin minted in today's territory of Nepal was in Shakya Mahajanapada, along the India–Nepal border at around 500 BCE. Shakya coins were an example of a coin invented in the Indian subcontinent which continued to be used in Nepal alongside India for over 1500 years.^[1]

Coins from Indian Subcontinent

Post-Maha Janapadas period (c. BCE 600–?)

In the Maurya Empire, punch marks were widely used in the southern region of Nepal and also imported from hills and the Kathmandu valley. Mauryan coins were punch-marked with the royal standard to ascertain their authenticity.

Kushan Empires (c. CE 30–375)

Another major coinage found in Nepal was of the

deities. Some scholars believed that Kushan King Kanishka's ascension to the throne in 78 CE marked the beginning of the

Classical period of Nepal (c. CE 576–750)

Lichhavi Dynasty

The

The known denominations of these coins are Pana (Tamika), Purana, Pana-Purana, Matrika out of which some were struck in cast blank flans and some were struck from cut piece. Some of the known coins are Mananka (c. CE 464-505 or 557), Amshuvermam (c. CE 557–605), Vaisravana (c. CE 621), Pashupati (c. CE 641–680), Gunanka (c. CE 625–641) and Jishnu Gupta (c. CE 622–633). The only known conversion rate is 1 Karshapana = 16 Pana.[4]

Medieval period (c. CE 750–1540)

The coinage in the Medieval period of Nepal is largely unknown due to the lack of references and contemporary records about it. Scholars believe that the most likely explanation is that

and Muslim invaders from India caused the coinage system of Nepal to fail, resulting in a return to either using lumps of unstamped copper or gold dust and Islamic coins imported from India. Some inscriptions suggest that earlier Lichhavi coins (namely Pana, Purana, and Pana-Purana) were continued until the introduction of a new system by King Sivadeva/Simhadeva (c. CE 1098–1126). The only known coins of this period struck by different minor rulers are Gold Sivaka, Silver Dam and later Nava-Dam-Sivaka and a copper coin with legends Sri deva Yadasya.

Malla Dynasty (c. CE 1540–1768)

A new coinage system developed in Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu valley and surrounding hills during the Malla (Nepal) of Nepal. These coins were struck by the sons of Yakshya Malla (c. CE 1482) in separate kingdoms of Kathmandu, Bhadgaon, Patan and by Kings of Dolakha and Gorkha. The usual design on the coins, perhaps suggested by some of Akbar's and Jahangir's issues, consists of elaborate geometrically ornamented borders surrounding a central square or circle, with the legends in Nāgarī script fitted into the spaces left in the design. On the obverse appear the king's name, titles, and date, and on the reverse various symbols, accompanied sometimes by a further title or a religious formula.

Tankas Standard

Nepal Era

816 ( = AD 1696), obverse. Silver mohars of this type were also exported to Tibet where they circulated along with other Malla mohars

Tankas or Tanka were mostly debased silver coin struck in 10 g. weight with minor denominations of 1⁄4, 1⁄32, 1⁄128, 1⁄512 Tanka Dam. These coins were based on the designs of

, which were widely circulated in Nepal by then. Initially Struck by King Indra Simha (-1545) of Dolakha followed by King Mahendra Simha (1560–74) of Kathmandu and finally by all three Kings. Most of these coins had no names and date except the one struck by King of Patan Siddhi Narasimha in NS 759 (CE. 1639).[5]

Mohar Standard

After a major reform in coinage, a new style of silver coins called Mohar (Initially called Mhendramalli) were struck in Nepal with a reduced weight standard of 5.4 g. in silver. All three kingdoms of the Kathmandu valley along with the Gorkha Kingdom struck these coins with little modification until after the unification of Nepal by King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723–1775). These coins were struck in the new artistic design of Hindu-Buddhist Yantra and were struck in the denominations of 1⁄4 Mohar called Mohar Suki (Generally in the name of the Queen) and 1⁄128 Mohar called Mohar Dam. They were struck with the date in Nepal Sambat and with a date in which the issuing king was crowned rather than the date of issue.^[4]

Shah Dynasty (CE.1747–2008)

Prithvi Narayan Shah before the conquest of the Valley

Before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley,

After the conquest of the Valley

After the conquest of Kathmandu Valley, King Prithivi Narayan Shah withdrew all the old Malla currency and in order to stop their circulation, devalued their exchange rate. Apart from the regular issue of Mohar,

reduced the diameter of Mohar and increased the production of smaller denominations and gold coins.

Regent Queen

Several Suki coins were issued by the Regent Queens of Shah dynasty due to a power shift in the court. In Sak.1722 Queen Raj Rajeshwari Devi senior wife of Rana Bahadur Shah issued her own suki currency as a regent of infant King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah followed by her successor regent Suwarna Prabha Devi (Sak.1723). Followed by Raja Rajeshwari Devi again in Sak.1724 and Probably with different names (Amar Rajeshwari and Mahamaheshwari).^[5]

Copper coinage in Valley

In CE. 1865, the first copper coins were issued for the Kathmandu Valley in the denomination of Copper Paisa, Double Paisa and Dam with inscription in Devanagari script.^[4]

System

Tanka standard

• 1 Tanka
• 1⁄4 Tanka
• 1⁄32 Tanka = 4 Dam
• 1
  Dam
  = 4 Jawa

Silver Mohar system (after 1640)

• Double Rupee = 4 Mohar
• 1 Rupee /Double Mohar = 2 Mohar
• 1 Mohar = 2 Suka
• 1 Suka = 6.25 Aana
• 1 Aana = 2 Adha-aana
• 1 Adha-aana = 2 paisa
• 1 Paisa Mohar = 4 Dams
• 1 Dam = 4 Jawa

Copper standard

• 1 Ganda or Ani/Aana = 2 Dyak or 2 Double Paisa
• 1 Dyak or 1 Double Paisa = 2 Dhebua or 2 Paisa
• 1 Dhebua/Paisa = 4
  Dam
  (Copper)

Gold coin system

• Duitole
  troy grains
• Bakla Asarfi = 2 Mohar = 1 Tola = 180 troy grains
• Patla/Majhawala Asarfi = 1 Mohar = 1⁄2 Tola = 90 troy grains
• Suka Asarfi = 1⁄2 Mohar= 1⁄4 Tola = 45 troy grains
• Suki = 1⁄8 Mohar= 1⁄16 Tola = 22.5 troy grains
• Ani = 1⁄16 Mohar = 1⁄32 Tola = 2.93 troy grains
• Adha-Ani = 1⁄32 Mohar = 1⁄64 Tola = 5.87 troy grains
• Pal = 1⁄64 Mohar = 1⁄128 Tola = 2.93 troy grains
• Dam = 1⁄154 Mohar = 1⁄317 Tola = 0.71 troy grains^[6]

Gallery

• 
  Nepalese silver mohar in the name of king Chakravartendra Malla of Kathmandu, dated Nepal Sambat 789 = AD 1669, obverse
• 
  Nepalese silver mohar in the name of king Chakravartendra Malla of Kathmandu, dated Nepal Sambat 789 = AD 1669, reverse
• 
  Copper coin of Jishnu Gupta (c. 622–633) of the Nepalese Licchhavi Dynasty. Reverse
• 
  Gunanka.
• 
  Half Mohar Rajendra Vikrama
• 
  Suka Mohar Rajendra Vikrama in the name of Queen Samrajya lakshmi.
• 
  1-8 Mohar Rajendra Vikrama
• 
  Half Mohar Rana Bahadur Shah
• 
  Uni-face Silver Dam Girvana Yuddha.
• 
  Rana Bahadur 1 paisa.
• 
  Rana Bahadur Half paisa.
• 
  Obverse of a 10 Paisa coin of Nepal from the reign of Mahendra Bir Bikram, made of brass.

See also

• Historical money of Tibet

External links

• "Notes and Coins of Nepal" (PDF). Nepal Rastra Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

References