Congelation ice
Congelation ice is ice that forms on the bottom of an established ice cover.
Seawater
On seawater, congelation ice is ice that forms on the bottom of an established sea ice cover, usually in the form of platelets which coalesce to form solid ice.[1][2]
Only the water freezes to ice, the salt from the seawater is concentrated into brine, some of which is contained in pockets in the new ice. Due to the brine pockets, congelation ice on seawater is neither as hard nor as transparent as fresh water ice.[3]
Fresh water
On the surface of lakes, or other bodies of still
Black ice grows downward from the bottom of the existing ice surface. The growth rate of the ice is proportional to the rate that heat is transferred from the water below the ice surface to the air above the ice surface.[4] The total ice thickness can be approximated from Stefan's equation.
Black ice is very hard, strong and smooth, which makes it ideal for
Thin, clear ice also has acoustic properties which are useful to tour skaters. Skating on clear ice radiates a tone whose frequency depends on the thickness of the ice.[5]
References
- ^ "Sea Ice Types, Sea Ice Geophysics, University of Alaska". Archived from the original on 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
- ^ National Snow and Ice Data Center: All About Sea Ice: Ice Formation Archived 2009-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ National Snow and Ice Data Center: All About Sea Ice: Salinity and Brine Archived 2009-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "LAKE ICE, from Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Observation Network". Archived from the original on 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
- ^ The Acoustics of Thin Ice, by Gunnar Lundmark Archived 2008-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
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