Discrete group
Algebraic structure → Group theory Group theory |
---|
In
A
Any group can be endowed with the
There are some occasions when a topological group or Lie group is usefully endowed with the discrete topology, 'against nature'. This happens for example in the theory of the Bohr compactification, and in group cohomology theory of Lie groups.
A discrete
Properties
Since topological groups are homogeneous, one need only look at a single point to determine if the topological group is discrete. In particular, a topological group is discrete only if the singleton containing the identity is an open set.
A discrete group is the same thing as a zero-dimensional
Since the only
A discrete subgroup H of G is cocompact if there is a
Discrete normal subgroups play an important role in the theory of covering groups and locally isomorphic groups. A discrete normal subgroup of a connected group G necessarily lies in the center of G and is therefore abelian.
Other properties:
- every discrete group is totally disconnected
- every subgroup of a discrete group is discrete.
- every quotient of a discrete group is discrete.
- the product of a finite number of discrete groups is discrete.
- a discrete group is compact if and only if it is finite.
- every discrete group is locally compact.
- every discrete subgroup of a Hausdorff group is closed.
- every discrete subgroup of a compact Hausdorff group is finite.
Examples
- Frieze groups and wallpaper groups are discrete subgroups of the isometry group of the Euclidean plane. Wallpaper groups are cocompact, but Frieze groups are not.
- A solvable Lie group.
- Every triangle group T is a discrete subgroup of the isometry group of the sphere (when T is finite), the Euclidean plane (when T has a Z + Z subgroup of finite index), or the hyperbolic plane.
- Fuchsian groups are, by definition, discrete subgroups of the isometry group of the hyperbolic plane.
- A Fuchsian group that preserves orientation and acts on the upper half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane is a discrete subgroup of the Lie group PSL(2,R), the group of orientation preserving isometries of the upper half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane.
- A Fuchsian group is sometimes considered as a special case of a Kleinian group, by embedding the hyperbolic plane isometrically into three-dimensional hyperbolic space and extending the group action on the plane to the whole space.
- The modular group PSL(2,Z) is thought of as a discrete subgroup of PSL(2,R). The modular group is a lattice in PSL(2,R), but it is not cocompact.
- hyperbolic 3-space. These include quasi-Fuchsian groups.
- A Kleinian group that preserves orientation and acts on the upper half space model of hyperbolic 3-space is a discrete subgroup of the Lie group PSL(2,C), the group of orientation preserving isometries of the upper half-spacemodel of hyperbolic 3-space.
- A Kleinian group that preserves orientation and acts on the upper half space model of hyperbolic 3-space is a discrete subgroup of the Lie group PSL(2,C), the group of orientation preserving isometries of the
- A lattice in a Lie group is a discrete subgroup such that the Haar measure of the quotient space is finite.
See also
- crystallographic point group
- congruence subgroup
- arithmetic group
- geometric group theory
- computational group theory
- freely discontinuous
- free regular set
Citations
- ^ Pontrjagin 1946, p. 54.
References
- Pontrjagin, Leon (1946). Topological Groups. Princeton University Press.
- "Discrete group of transformations", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
- "Discrete subgroup", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
External links
- Media related to Discrete groups at Wikimedia Commons