Doctor of Sciences
Doctor of Sciences (Russian: доктор наук, IPA:
History
The "Doctor of Sciences" degree was introduced in the
But the former Yugoslav degree "Doktor nauka" / "Доктор наука" / "Doktor znanosti", still awarded by
Admission
Doctor of Sciences degrees are conferred by a national government agency called the
The procedures of conferring of both Kandidat and Doktor academic degrees are more formal and different from conferring a Ph.D. degree in Western universities. In particular, for the Doktor, the academic institution, where the scholar is affiliated as a doctoral candidate, must conduct a preliminary review of the research results and personal contribution made by the candidate and, depending on findings, elect whether to render formal support or not. By definition, this highly prestigious degree can be conferred only for a significant contribution to science and/or technology based on a public defense of a thesis, monograph, or (in rare cases) of a set of outstanding publications in peer-reviewed journals. The defense must be held at the session of a Specialized Dissertation Committee accredited by VAK. Prior to the defense, three referees holding Doctor of Sciences degrees themselves (the so-called "official opponents") must submit their written motivated assessments of the thesis. One more similar assessment is to be provided by some university or academic institution, working in the same field of science or technology, and in addition several other reviewers must mail their conclusions made based on a thesis summary (usually a 32-page brochure in natural sciences and 48 pages in social sciences).
In the former USSR, this degree is considered a sufficient credential for tenured full professorship at any institution of higher education. Unless an academic holds a Doctor of Sciences, she or he can make it to a full professor only through 15 years or more of outstanding teaching service on the university level. At least one published and widely accepted textbook and the degree of Kandidat Nauk are required in the latter case, anyway. A Doctor of Sciences degree holder can become a tenured full professor after just one year of teaching experience in a non-tenured faculty position. A degree of Doctor of Sciences also enables its holders to claim an
The Doctor of Sciences thus has no academic equivalent in North America, as it is a
The German
According to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, "In countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition at the level of the second doctoral degree. In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree."[3]
According to guidelines published by the Russian Academy of Sciences:[4]
- д. арх. (Russian: доктор архитектуры) – Doctor of Sciences in Architecture
- д. б. н. (Russian: доктор биологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Biological Sciences
- д. вет. н. (Russian: доктор ветеринарных наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Veterinary Sciences
- д. воен. н. (Russian: доктор военных наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Military Sciences
- д. г. н. (Russian: доктор географических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Geographical Sciences
- д. г.-м. н. (Russian: доктор геолого-минералогических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Geological and Mineralogical Sciences
- д. и. н. (Russian: доктор исторических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Historical Sciences
- д. иск. (Russian: доктор искусствоведения) – Doctor of Sciences in Study of Art
- д. м. н. (Russian: доктор медицинских наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Medical Sciences
- д. п. н. (Russian: доктор психологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Psychological Sciences
- д. пед. н. (Russian: доктор педагогических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Pedagogical Sciences
- д. полит. н. (Russian: доктор политических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Political Sciences
- д. с.-х. н. (Russian: доктор сельскохозяйственных наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Agricultural Sciences
- д. социол. н. (Russian: доктор социологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Sociological Sciences
- д. т. н. (Russian: доктор технических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Technical Sciences
- д. теол. н. (Russian: доктор теологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Religious Sciences
- д. ф. н. (Russian: доктор филологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Philological Sciences
- д. фарм. н. (Russian: доктор фармацевтических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Pharmaceutics
- д. ф.-м. н. (Russian: доктор физико-математических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- д. филос. н. (Russian: доктор философских наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Philosophical Sciences
- д. х. н. (Russian: доктор химических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Chemical Sciences
- д. э. н. (Russian: доктор экономических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Economics
- д. ю. н. (Russian: доктор юридических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Jurisprudence
According to the International Standard Classification of Education, for purposes of international educational statistics:[5]
- D.Phil.to Doctor of Sciences in Philosophy,
- D.Lit.; Dr.Litt. to Doctor of Sciences in Literature,
- D.Sc.; Dr.Nat.Sci. to Doctor of Sciences of Natural Science,
- LL.D.; D.Sci.Jus. to Doctor of Sciences of Legal Science.
See also
References
- ^ Leitenberg, Milton and Raymond A. Zilinskas (2012), The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012, Table 2.1.
- ^ "NIC ARaM of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation". Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries". Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ The Russian Academy of Sciences (2007). "Список сокращений" [List of abbreviations]. Справочник. Часть II [Reference book, Part II] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ "Par. 262 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) UNESCO 2011". Archived from the original on 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2012-02-18.