Duffins Creek

Coordinates: 43°49′00″N 79°02′05″W / 43.8167°N 79.0348°W / 43.8167; -79.0348
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Duffins Creek
Stouffville
(Bloomington and Lincolnville)
MouthDuffins Marsh at Lake Ontario
 • location
Ajax
 • coordinates
43°49′00″N 79°02′05″W / 43.8167°N 79.0348°W / 43.8167; -79.0348
Basin size287 km2 (111 sq mi)[1]
Discharge 
 • average1.38 m3/s (49 cu ft/s)[2]
 • minimum0.51 m3/s (18 cu ft/s)
 • maximum3.67 m3/s (130 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River systemGreat Lakes Basin

Duffins Creek is a waterway in the eastern end of the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. The watershed of the Duffins Creek is part of the Durham Region (Uxbridge, Pickering and Ajax) and the York Region (Markham and Whitchurch-Stouffville).[3]

Etymology and names

Augustus Jones, who surveyed the area for the Government of Upper Canada in 1791, states that the native (Mississauga Anishinaabek) name for the stream was Sin-qua-trik-de-que-onk, meaning "pine wood on side".[4] The Ojibwe Mississauga name of the creek in modern orthography is Zhingwaatigotigweyaa-ziibi.[5]

The French missionaries from

Ganatsekwyagon, who reached the stream in 1670, called it Riviere au Saumon, meaning the "Salmon River", because of a large number of salmon fish that spawned there.[6]

Jones named the stream after Mike Duffin, the first person of European descent to settle in the area.[7][8] The current name of the stream first appears as "Duffin" on Jones' map in 1791; subsequent records mention the variants "Duffin's" and "Duffins".[9]

History

The Duffins Creek watershed includes 192 archaeological sites tracked using the Borden System. These sites represent both indigenous peoples and early European settlers.[10]

Number of archaeological sites in the Duffins Creek Watershed[10]
Stream Paleo-Indian Archaic Woodland Undermined Aboriginal Mississauga Multi-component Euro-Canadian Undetermined Total
Stouffville Creek 1 1 1 3
Reesor Creek 2 2 6 10
West Duffins 1 13 5 6 36 61
Wixon Creek 1 1 2
Mitchell Creek 3 1 1 8 13
East Duffins 2 2 5 25 2 1 5 42
Major Creek 3 3 1 11 18
Whitevale Creek 0
Ganatsekiagon Creek 2 7 3 1 4 17
Urfé Creek 2 2 2 6
Brougham Creek 3 2 5 10
Millers Creek 1 1 4 4 10
Total 5 30 30 39 1 2 6 79 192

Projectile points of "Hi-Lo" style have been discovered at four Late Paleo-Indian (10000-7000 BCE) sites in the Duffins Creek watershed. Around Lake Ontario, the indigenous peoples have been commonly associated with the lake shore, which fluctuated because of the melting glaciers. At the end of the Last Glacial Period, the Duffins Creek met Lake Ontario at a point located 10-20 m below the present surface level. So, any evidence of indigenous activity at the mouth of the Duffins Creek would be under water now.[11]

Scattered remains of chert (flint) tools and flakes have been discovered at several inland sites dated to the Archaic period (7000 BCE-1000 BCE). Detailed excavactions have not been carried out at these sites, so little information is available about the pre-historic residents of the area.[12]

Several sites dated to the early and middle

Pickering Airport.[14]

In the mid-17th century, the

navigable for canoes only for 6 km upstream.[9] When the Europeans arrived in present-day Ajax, at least one Ojibwe family resided in area, as attested by Arthur Field. This family lived at the east edge of the Duffins Creek marshes until the mid-19th century.[8]

Unlike the Rouge River watershed, where a

French missionaries from Ganatsekwyagon reached the Duffins Creek, but did not settle there.[6]

In the 1770s, Mike Duffin, an Irish fur trader, became the first person of European descent to settle in the Duffins Creek area. He built a cabin on the east side of the Creek, north of a trail that later became the Kingston Road.[7][8] At the beginning of the 19th century, the Duffins Creek was navigable as far up as Kingston Road.[16] Later, the water flow decreased as a result of construction of mill dams and clearing of forests for farming. The dams also cut off the salmon from their spawning grounds.[6] Pickering Village, a settlement initially known as "Duffins Creek", developed along the stream, in what is now Ajax. The first mill in the new settlement was established in 1810 by Timothy Rogers on the banks of Duffins Creek. At the time of Rogers's arrival, thousands of salmon from Lake Ontario came to the Duffins Creek. By the time of his death in 1834, the salmon had practically disappeared from the stream.[17]

The growth of

Crown and Clergy reserves. Apart from Pickering Village, several other communities developed in the Duffins Creek watershed in the early 19th century:[18]

  • Magnolia (California Corners), in present-day Markham, centred on the intersection of 10th Concession Line (now Reesor Road) and 18th Avenue (now Elgin Mills Road East)
  • Stouffersville (later
    Stouffville
    ), in present-day Whitchurch-Stoufville, located at the intersection of Stoufville Creek and the 9th Concession
  • Bloomington
    , in present-day Whitchurch-Stoufville, north of Stouffville
  • Glen Major; in present-day south-west Uxbridge
  • Green River, Claremont, Altona, Greenwood
    , and Balsam; in present-day Pickering

During 1825-1900, population of the Duffins Creek watershed increased substantially because of growth in farming and other businesses. After 1850s, several smaller communities declined as people migrated to larger centres located along the

Pickering Airport.[19]

Course

The

headwaters of the Duffins Creek are located in the Oak Ridges Moraine area,[20] within the boundaries of Uxbridge, Pickering, Markham, and Whitchurch-Stouffville. The mouth of the stream is located in Ajax.[15]

The Duffins Creek drains an area of 283 sq. km., much of which is owned by the government. The federal government owns around 75 sq. km., the provincial government of Ontario owns around 28 sq. km., and the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) owns around 23 sq. km.[20]

List of tributaries

Although Duffins Creek is a single waterway entering Lake Ontario at Duffins Marsh in Ajax, there are 12 other waterways that branches off Duffins towards the Oak Ridges Moraine.[21]

The main tributaries of Duffins Creek include:[22]

  • West Duffins Creek - branch of main creek near Pickering Village and runs northwest towards Stouffville
    • Stouffville Creek - named for the town for which the creek runs course off Duffins
    • Reesor Creek - named for Reesor family that resides in the area in north Pickering and Markham
    • Wixon Creek
    • Major Creek
    • Whitevale Creek
  • East Duffins Creek
    • Mitchell Creek
    • Brougham Creek
    • Spring Creek
  • East Duffins Creek
  • Urfé Creek
  • Ganatsekagon Creek
  • Millers Creek

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duffins Creek.
  1. ^ "Duffins Creek Watershed - Report Card 2013" (PDF). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2013. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  2. ^ Technical Reports in Support of the Duffins Creek and Carruthers Creek Watershed Plan
  3. ^ TRCA 2002, p. 2.
  4. ^ TRCA 2003, p. 36.
  5. ^ "Zhingwaatigotigweyaa-ziibi". Ojibwe - English Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  6. ^ a b c Ken Smith 1995, p. 115.
  7. ^ a b Ken Smith 1995, pp. 115–116.
  8. ^ a b c Rob Nisbet 1995, p. 18.
  9. ^ a b Harold H. Harvey 2011, p. 286.
  10. ^ a b TRCA 2002, pp. 3–4.
  11. ^ TRCA 2002, pp. 9–10.
  12. ^ TRCA 2002, p. 10.
  13. ^ TRCA 2002, p. 11.
  14. ^ TRCA 2002, p. 12.
  15. ^ a b c TRCA 2002, p. 13.
  16. ^ Ken Smith 1995, p. 130.
  17. ^ Ken Smith 1995, p. 118.
  18. ^ TRCA 2002, pp. 14–15.
  19. ^ TRCA 2002, pp. 15–17.
  20. ^ a b TRCA 2003, p. 33.
  21. ^ TRCA 2002, p. 3.
  22. ^ TRCA 2003, p. 33,170.

Bibliography

External links
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