EOKA B
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EOKA B | |
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Leaders |
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Dates of operation | 1971–1978 |
Headquarters | AKEL Pro-Makarios supporters |
EOKA-B or Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B (EOKA B
Due to its attacks on civilians (Post Grivas), it was considered a criminal organization and was outlawed by the
Formation
EOKA-B was founded by General
After Grivas returned to Cyprus in 1971, he created EOKA-B in response to President Archbishop Makarios' deviation from the policy of enosis in 1959 and the reaffirmation of this position during his re-election in 1968. Grivas, along with his new EOKA-B organisation, attempted to forcefully oust Makarios in order to enact his original goal of enosis with Greece.
Whereas
Coup d'etat and Turkish invasion
When Grivas Digenis died from heart failure on 27 January 1974, the post-Grivas EOKA-B increasingly came under the direct control and influence of the military junta in Athens. EOKA-B was on the verge of dissolution by July 1974. Yet on 15 July 1974 the Greek dictator
This action provoked a Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July 1974,[11] leading to the subsequent de facto division of the island. Ioannides was taken by surprise by the Turkish invasion and failed to convince or coerce the Greek generals to send military reinforcements to Cyprus. The subsequent toppling of the Greek junta led to Sampson's resignation on 23 July 1974.
On 14 August 1974, Turkey mounted a second invasion into Cyprus. By the end of hostilities, about 180,000 Greek Cypriots (almost one third of the population), were forcibly uprooted from their homes and properties, while 80,000 Turkish Cypriots were forced north.[12] Thousands more were killed or listed as missing.[13]
Atrocities on 14 August 1974
On 14 August, during the invasion, EOKA-B committed massacres and crimes against Turkish-Cypriots in Maratha, Santalaris, Aloda, Tochni and Kiti. They massacred 84 Turkish-Cypriot men and boys from the village of Tochni, leaving one survivor.[14] 126 were killed in the villages of Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda.[15]
Later testimony
On 17 April 1991, Ambassador Nelson Ledsky testified before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee that "most of the 'missing persons' disappeared in the first days of July 1974, before the Turkish invasion on the 20th. Many killed on the Greek side were killed by Greek Cypriots in fighting between supporters of Makarios and Sampson."[16]
See also
References
- ^ "EOKA-B disbands in aid of unity: The notorious underground EOKA-B movement, responsible for a militant campaign against Archbishop Makarios, announces that it has disbanded itself - February 11, 1978 - Cyprus Mail". Cyprus Mail. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ISBN 9780810862982.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the originalon 6 July 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ^ "The Survivor". Time. 28 February 1972. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
- ^ a b O'Malley, Brandan and Craig. Ian. The Cyprus Conspiracy, Pub. I.B. Tauris, London, 1999. p. 137.
- ^ Christou, Odysseas (September 2014). "Legitimizing Insurgency: Social Norms and Social Networks as Instruments in Recruitment by Organizations of Political Violence" (PDF).
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(help) - ^ a b "Cyprus: Big Troubles over a Small Island". Time. 29 July 1974. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ SigmaLive. "August 14, 1974: Turkey launches second offensive on Cyprus | News". www.sigmalive.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ "Survivor of '74 Tochni massacre: Eoka B fired for 10 minutes". Cyprus Mail. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ "Cyprus massacre victims laid to rest with military honours – T-VINE". Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-84545-228-5, a result of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus of July 20, 1974 2,500 Greek Cypriots died in fighting or as a result of war crimes by the Turkish army or Turkish Cypriot extremists, 500 T/C in fighting and as result of atrocities of Greek Cypriot extremists and around 500 Turkish troops (The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus-Marios Adamides-2011).ei=7sBsTM-vJ8nJcbPU_G8&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Aloa&f=false p. 237.