Edwin Alderson

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Anglo-Egyptian War
  • Battle of Tel-el-Kebir

Mahdist War
Second Matabele War
Second Boer War

First World War

Awards
Mentioned in Despatches
Legion of Honour
(France)

Western Front
, during which time it saw heavy fighting.

Early life

Born in 1859 in Capel St Mary, a village in Suffolk, Edwin Alderson was the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Mott Alderson and his wife Catherine Harriett Swainson.[1] He was educated at Ipswich School.[2]

Early military career

Aged 17, Alderson received a commission into the

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Alderson was soon transferred to Gibraltar and later South Africa, where he was detached to the Mounted Infantry Depot at Laing's Nek.[1]

Mounted Infantry

The Mounted Infantry Depot was a post where young officers could be stationed, forming a ready reserve of young, educated officers available as volunteers for staff or command positions in African colonial campaigns. It was whilst attached to this post that Alderson saw service in the

Tel-el-Kebir. Two years later, he was attached to the Mounted Camel Regiment during the failed expedition to relieve Khartoum and rescue General Gordon. During this campaign, Alderson was presented with the Bronze Medal of the Royal Humane Society after diving into the Nile to rescue a drowning soldier.[5] For his service in these campaigns, Alderson was promoted to captain and was stationed at Aldershot with the European Mounted Infantry Depot. The same year he married the daughter of the vicar of Syresham, Northamptonshire,[6] a Miss Alice Mary Sergeant.[1]

The next ten years of Alderson's career were spent on staff duties and with his old regiment in England and Ireland. He also undertook training at the Staff College, Camberley, and in 1896 was sent to Mashonaland as a commander of a regiment of local troops during the Second Matabele War. Following the campaign's successful conclusion he returned to Aldershot and published his first book, "With the Mounted Infantry and the Mashonaland Field Force, 1896", an account of the war and a thesis on the tactical uses of mounted infantry. A second book on military tactics followed in 1898 called The Counter-attack. His third book, "Pink and scarlet" was published in 1900 and was another tactical treatise concerning the relationship between fox-hunting and the cavalry, and the connection that these gentlemanly and military concerns had in training young officers and developing innovations in cavalry tactics. In 1908, he released a compilation of notes made on campaign entitled Lessons from 100 notes made in peace and war.[1]

Second Boer War

In 1900, shortly after the

Governor General of Canada, Lord Minto, unsuccessfully petitioned the British government to have Alderson brought to Canada as G.O.C. of its Militia.[1]

He participated in the battles of

Natal District.[7]

He was

mentioned in despatches several times (including by Lord Roberts dated 31 March 1900,[8] and by Lord Kitchener dated 23 June 1902[9]), and received the Queen's South Africa Medal. After the end of the war in June 1902, Alderson stayed in South Africa another couple of months, returning home on the SS Scot in November.[10]

1902–1914

On his return, Alderson was attached to the

Master of foxhounds in the South Shropshire Hunt, and developing an enthusiasm for yachting.[1]

First World War

Photo of Alderson, c. 1915

At the outbreak of the First World War in the summer of 1914, Alderson was placed in charge of the 1st Mounted Division and all troops in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.[11] However he was given larger duties when he was appointed by Lord Kitchener to lead the Canadian Expeditionary Force because of his experience with the Canadians in South Africa.[12] Soon after his appointment he came into conflict with Sir Sam Hughes, Canadian Minister of Militia. Hughes had preceded his men and insisted that the Canadian contingent was not only fully trained and battle ready but also equipped with the best weaponry available. Alderson however, after reviewing the Canadian formation was concerned about its combat readiness, particularly regarding some of its commissioned officers, who appeared to owe their positions to political connections rather than through professional military qualifications, the degree of training of the troops had received, and the mechanically temperamental Ross rifle, a weapon personally approved by Hughes.[1]

During training on

Robert Laird Borden that Alderson "does not treat our men with a firm iron hand covered with the velvet glove which their special temperaments require".[1]

Second Battle of Ypres

The Canadian Division sailed from England and landed in France in February 1915, and was briefly initiated to trench warfare on the periphery of the

chlorine gas.[13] The Algerians broke and fled, suffering over 6000 casualties in a matter of minutes, and the Canadians were consequently forced to defend twice the length of the front line they had vacated.[14] Although the Canadian Division held on for more than two days, ground was lost to the attacking Germans, and the Canadian Division suffered over 50% casualties (nearly 6,000 troops).[1]

For Alderson the battle had been a failure. Although his troops had held the line, he had found himself out of touch with the action at times during its course, and unable to get accurate information about the situation. At one stage he had been commanding 33 battalions across several miles of front line with no central co-ordination and great confusion between his distant headquarters and the trenches. In addition the Ross rifles had proved almost useless in battle, and some of Canadian officers had performed poorly in their first battle. In particular

Colonel Garnet Hughes, the son of Sam Hughes, caused havoc when on the second day of the battle they unilaterally withdrew the 3rd Brigade from the front line in the process opening up a 4000-yard gap in the British front, through which the Germans briefly threatened the defence of the Ypres Salient as a whole.[15] Colonel Carson however, who reported personally to Hughes, downplayed the mishaps, and blamed the Division's heavy casualties on Alderson's leadership, indicating that it had only been saved from annihilation by the actions of Turner and Hughes.[1]

Ross rifle controversy

The controversial Ross rifle

The Canadian situation worsened at the

Second Battle of Givenchy, cost 366 casualties for no appreciable gain.[1] Despite this, Alderson was promoted to command the entire expeditionary force on the Western Front, now titled the Canadian Corps, when a second division of it arrived at the front late in 1915.[1] However Sam Hughes increasingly opposed Alderson's position in Canadian political circles, taking particular offense at Alderson's refusal to accept promotions made by Hughes or Carson of untried Canadian officers, and instead promoting veteran British officers in their place, and Alderson's opposition to the continued use by the Canadian divisions of the Ross rifle.[citation needed
]

By early 1916 it had become clear to the troops using it that the mechanism of the Ross rifle was useless, and in some circumstances dangerous to soldiers using it in the conditions of the trenches, and its incompatibility with the British

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, circulated a document listing ten deficiencies with the rifle and claiming 85% of Canadian soldiers no longer wished to use it. Hughes in response sent letters to 281 senior military figures backing the Ross, and attacking Alderson's character.[1] Alderson responded by ordering all subordinate commanders to prepare reports on the efficiency of the Ross in the field. Carson, on its receipt, sent a copy of this order back to Hughes, along with a note from Turner stating that "action is being delayed too long as regards Alderson".[1]

Battle of St. Eloi craters

Turner had his own reasons for wanting Alderson removed from the post of commanding the Canadian Expeditionary Force following the

Sir Douglas Haig, that if Turner was dismissed then the British Government could no longer rely on Canadian support.[citation needed
]

Haig's solution to this diplomatic crisis was a compromise. Alderson, whom Haig had lost confidence in for the defeat at the St. Eloi craters action, was appointed to a nominal newly created post of "Inspector-General of Canadian Forces", and

Sir Arthur Currie, who had succeeded Alderson to the command of the 1st Canadian Division.[14] In exchange, Haig finally got rid of the Ross rifle, all Canadian troops being issued with Lee–Enfields in preparation for the upcoming Battle of the Somme
.

Alderson was not initially aware of the purely nominal nature of his new position, and with it the practical end of his field career, and when he requested a staff car for its duties he was informed that the post did not require one to be issued.[1] In September 1916 he was withdrawn from the attachment to the Canadian Expeditionary Force and appointed to the War Office Staff Post of Inspector of Infantry in the British Army,[1] which he retained until 1920 when he retired from active service at the age of 61 years.

Last years

Alderson enjoyed an active retirement, becoming

motor sports would result in the demise of these traditional pastimes and expended much energy promoting them.[1] He lived in his final years on a houseboat moored in Oulton Broad.[17]

Death

Alderson died on 14 December 1927 at the Royal Hotel,

heart attack[1] at the age of 68 years. His body was buried at Chesterton, Oxfordshire.[11] He was survived by his wife who arranged for his private papers to be given to the nation. They are currently stored at British Library, and at the National Archives of Zimbabwe.[18]

Reputation

Alderson retained strong feelings about his treatment at the hands of Hughes and his allies, commenting to a friend that "Canadian politics have been too strong for all of us".[1] Nonetheless, he was well liked by the men he commanded and was remembered in The Times on his death as "An Englishman of a fine type" and that "the affection which he inspired in all who knew him was great".[1] The Dictionary of Canadian Biography recalls him as "A decent, honourable, unimaginative man, [who] had been more faithful to the interests of Canadian soldiers than their own minister".[1]

Another biographer, Tabitha Marshall, wrote (2014) that the conflict between Hughes and Alderson "likely affected not only his career but also his place in Canadian history. While his successors as Canadian Corps Commander, Byng and Currie, are well remembered, Alderson is relatively unknown to Canadians."[19]

English military historian Alan Clark's book "The Donkeys" (1961), a polemical indictment of British General Staff incompetence in 1915 Western Front operations, contains a photograph of Alderson decorating a Canadian soldier with a medal, captioned "Donkey Decorates Lion", stating he was decorating the unnamed soldier for bravery at the Second Battle of Ypres (1915). In fact, the photograph was from the following year, taken on 9 March 1916 "near Locre" (Loker), Belgium.[20]

Namesake

The name Mount Alderson was given in 1915 to one of the peaks in the Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, Canada.[21]

Works

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Alderson, Sir Edwin Alfred Hervey, Dictionary of Canadian Biography article by Desmond Morton, Retrieved 5 November 2007
  2. ^ "Obituary". Ipswich School Magazine. April 1928. pp. 26–27.
  3. ^ "No. 24652". The London Gazette. 3 December 1878. p. 6915.
  4. ^ "No. 24656". The London Gazette. 13 December 1878. p. 7137.
  5. ^ a b c Alderson, Brig-Gen Edwin Alfred Hervey, Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketchbook, 1907, Walter H. Willis, Retrieved 12 November 2007
  6. ^ Marriage certificate 5 May 1886, General Registration Office, district of Brackley, Northamptonshire. His father-in-law, Oswald Pattison Sergeant, became Rector of Chesterton, Oxfordshire, in 1889.
  7. ^ Hart′s Army list, 1903
  8. ^ "No. 27282". The London Gazette. 8 February 1901. pp. 844–846.
  9. ^ "No. 27459". The London Gazette. 29 July 1902. pp. 4835–4837.
  10. ^ "The Army in South Africa - Troops returning Home". The Times. No. 36923. London. 12 November 1902. p. 8.
  11. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30364
    . Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  12. ^ Allen, Ralph (1961). Ordeal by Fire. New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 69.
  13. ^ a b 90 Years and Counting Archived 12 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Military Communications and Electronics Museum, Kingston, Ontario, Retrieved 5 November 2007
  14. ^ a b Who's Who: Sir Edwin Alderson, First World War.com, Retrieved 5 November 2007
  15. ^ Cassar, George H. (2010). Hell in Flanders Fields. Toronto: Dundurn Press. pp. 180–181.
  16. ^ Sources are divided over who was responsible for the defeat, some retrospectively blaming Alderson as overall commander. The Dictionary of Canadian Biography however indicates that Turner and Ketchen were primarily responsible, a stance seemingly corroborated by the actions subsequently of Plumer.
  17. ^ "Death of General Alderson at Lowestoft – Prominent Figure in Yachting Circles". Norfolk News and Weekly Press. 17 December 1927.
  18. ^ Alderson, Sir Edwin Alfred Hervey, National Register of Archives, Retrieved 5 November 2007
  19. ^ Marshall, Tabitha (2014)." EAH Alderson". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  20. ^ Imperial War Museum Photographic Archive, No. Q447, Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection. Photographer; Lieutenant Ernest Brooks.
  21. ^ "Mount Alderson". SummitPost. 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2016.

References

Military offices
Preceded by
New post
 GOC Canadian Corps
1915–1916 		Succeeded by

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