Gibraltar
Gibraltar | ||
---|---|---|
Cession to Great Britain 11 April 1713 | | |
National Day | 10 September 1967 | |
Accession to EEC | 1 January 1973 | |
Withdrawal from the EU | 31 January 2020 | |
Official languages | English | |
Spoken languages | ||
Demonym(s) |
| |
Government | Devolved representative democratic parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy | |
• Monarch | Charles III | |
• Governor | Sir David Steel | |
Fabian Picardo | ||
• Mayor | Carmen Gomez[2] | |
Legislature | Area | |
• Total | 6.8 km2 (2.6 sq mi) | |
• Water (%) | 0 | |
Highest elevation | 426 m (1,398 ft) | |
Population | ||
• 2020 estimate | 34,003[3] (220th) | |
• 2022 census | 32,688 | |
• Density | 5,000/km2 (12,949.9/sq mi) | |
GDP (PPP) | 2013 estimate | |
• Total | £1.64 billion (not ranked) | |
• Per capita | £50,941 (not ranked) | |
GDP (nominal) | estimate | |
• Total | £2.441 billion[4] | |
HDI (2018) | 0.961[5] very high · 3rd | |
Currency | Pound sterling Gibraltar pound (£) (GIP) | |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) | |
Driving side | right | |
Calling code | +350 | |
Postcode | GX11 1AA | |
Internet TLD | .gi | |
Website | www |
Gibraltar (/dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/ jih-BRAWL-tər, Spanish: [xiβɾalˈtaɾ]) is a British Overseas Territory[a] and city[7] located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula.[8][9] It has an area of 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and is bordered to the north by Spain (Campo de Gibraltar). The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to some 32,688 people (2022 estimate), primarily Gibraltarians.[10]
Gibraltar was founded as a permanent watchtower by the
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations, as Spain asserts a claim to the territory.[14][15] Gibraltarians overwhelmingly rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum, and for shared sovereignty in a 2002 referendum. Nevertheless, Gibraltar maintains close economic and cultural links with Spain, with many Gibraltarians speaking Spanish as well as a local dialect known as Llanito.
Gibraltar's economy rests on financial services, e-gaming, tourism and the port.[16] With one of the world's lowest unemployment rates, the largest part of the labour force are resident in Spain or non-Gibraltarians, especially in the private sector. Since Brexit, Gibraltar is not a member of the European Union but negotiations are under way to have it participate in the Schengen Agreement to facilitate border movements between Gibraltar and Spain.[17] As of March 2023[update], talks seem deadlocked.[18]
Name
The name is derived from
History
Prehistory and ancient history
Evidence of
Numerous
During ancient times, Gibraltar was regarded by the peoples of the Mediterranean as a place of religious and symbolic importance. The
Middle Ages
After the collapse of the
The area later formed part of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania for almost 300 years, from 414 until 711 AD.
Following a raid in 710, a predominantly Berber army under the command of
In 1160 the Almohad Sultan Abd al-Mu'min ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built. It received the name of Medinat al-Fath (City of the Victory).[31] The Tower of Homage of the Moorish Castle remains standing today.
From 1274 onwards, the town was fought over and captured by the
Modern era
In 1462, Gibraltar was
After the conquest,
In 1704, during the
After the destructive Great Siege, the town was almost entirely rebuilt.[37] Giovanni Maria Boschetti, who arrived in Gibraltar in 1784 as a 25-year-old from Milan, where he is thought to have been a stonemason or engineer, built the Victualling Yard (completed in 1812) and many other buildings. Boschetti is regarded as having been responsible for setting the old town's style, described by Claire Montado, chief executive of the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, as "military-ordnance-style arched doorways, Italianate stucco relief, Genoese shutters, English Regency ironwork balconies, Spanish stained glass and Georgian sash and casement windows."[37]
During the Napoleonic Wars, Gibraltar became a key base for the Royal Navy and played an important role leading up to the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805). Designated one of four Imperial fortresses (along with Halifax, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Malta),[38] its strategic location made it a key base during the Crimean War of 1854–1856. In the 18th century, the peacetime military garrison fluctuated in numbers from a minimum of 1,100 to a maximum of 5,000. The first half of the 19th century saw a significant increase of population to more than 17,000 in 1860, as people from Britain and all around the Mediterranean – Italian, Portuguese, Maltese, Jewish and French – took up residence in the town.[39]
Its strategic value increased with the opening of the Suez Canal, as it lay on the sea route between the UK and the British Empire east of Suez. In the later 19th century, major investments were made to improve the fortifications and the port.[40]
Contemporary history
In the 1950s, Franco renewed Spain's claim to sovereignty over Gibraltar and restricted movement between Gibraltar and Spain. Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain under British sovereignty in the
In the early 2000s, Britain and Spain were in negotiations over a potential agreement that would see them sharing sovereignty over Gibraltar. The government of Gibraltar organised a referendum on the plan, and 99% of the population voted to reject it.[42][43] In 2008, the British government committed to respecting the Gibraltarians' wishes.[44] A new Constitution Order was approved in referendum in 2006. A process of tripartite negotiations started in 2006 between Spain, Gibraltar and the UK, ending some restrictions and dealing with disputes in some specific areas such as air movements, customs procedures, telecommunications, pensions and cultural exchange.[45]
In the
On 31 January 2020, the UK left the European Union and consequently so did Gibraltar. Under the terms of the transition phase in the Brexit withdrawal agreement, Gibraltar's relationship with the EU continued unchanged until the end of 2020 when it was replaced by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the Schengen Area,[17] to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force.[17][50][51][52]
In 2022, Gibraltar launched a bid for city status as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours. The bid was refused, but when researchers looked through the National Archives, they found that it had already been recognised as a city by Queen Victoria in 1842.[53] The status came into force on 29 August 2022.[53]
Governance
Under its current
The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Liberal Party of Gibraltar (LPG) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). The PDP was a new party, formed in 2006 and fielded candidates in the 2007 election, but none were elected. The head of government is the Chief Minister (as of December 2011[update], Fabian Picardo). All local political parties oppose any transfer of sovereignty to Spain, instead supporting self-determination. The main UK opposition parties also support this policy, and it is British government policy not to engage in talks about the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of the people of Gibraltar.[61]
Gibraltar was part of the
Gibraltar was nominated to be included on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories by the United Kingdom when the list was created in 1946[66] and has been listed ever since.[67] The government of Gibraltar has actively worked to have Gibraltar removed from the list,[68] and in 2008 the British government declared Gibraltar's continued presence on the list an anachronism.[69]
Gibraltar is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right and is represented by the United Kingdom but was granted Associate Membership of the Commonwealth Foundation in 2004. Gibraltar has competed in the Commonwealth Games since 1958.
Party | Members of Parliament | |
---|---|---|
Socialist Labour | 7 | |
Social Democrats | 8 | |
Liberal | 2 | |
Total | 17 |
Citizenship
As a result of the
International relations
Gibraltar is not a sovereign state: its formal international relations are the responsibility of the Government of the United Kingdom. Since Brexit, it is not part of the European Union, but is a participant in the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.
On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the Schengen Area,[17] to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force,[17][50] but both sides aim to keep delays at the border at a minimum in the meantime.[51][70][71] As of March 2023[update], talks remain stalled, with Spain insisting that its Policía Nacional control entry into the Schengen area and the UK demanding that the work be done by officers of the European Union agency Frontex. All other entry points to the Schengen area are controlled by national authorities, supplemented by Frontex in some places.[18]
Geography
Gibraltar's territory covers 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and shares a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) land border with Spain. The town of
Having negligible
Gibraltar's terrain consists of the 426 m-high (1,398 ft) Rock of Gibraltar[73] made of Jurassic limestone, and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. It contains many tunnelled roads, most of which are still operated by the military and closed to the general public.
Climate
Gibraltar has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa),[74][75] with mild, rainy winters and summers that are very warm to hot and humid, but with very little rainfall. As is the case for nearby Algeciras and Tarifa, summers are significantly cooler and annual temperature more constant than other cities on the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula because of its position on the Strait of Gibraltar. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Its average annual temperature is 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) as a daily high and 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) as the overnight low. In the coldest month, January, the high temperature averages 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) and the overnight low averages 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F). In the warmest month, August, the daily high temperature averages 28.4 °C (83.1 °F), the overnight low averages 21.2 °C (70.2 °F), and the average sea temperature is 22 °C (72 °F).[76] [77]
Climate data for amsl,[d] 1991−2020 normals (except dewpoints and humidity), 1985-2015 dewpoints and humidity, extremes 1958−present
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.2 (91.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.2 (104.4) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.7 (92.7) |
29.6 (85.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.4 (83.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.2 (52.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.0 (35.6) |
0.0 (32.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
0.8 (33.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 97.5 (3.84) |
93.6 (3.69) |
83.4 (3.28) |
68.8 (2.71) |
26.9 (1.06) |
8.5 (0.33) |
0.7 (0.03) |
1.1 (0.04) |
25.6 (1.01) |
84.9 (3.34) |
99.1 (3.90) |
150.7 (5.93) |
740.8 (29.16) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.20 | 6.36 | 6.64 | 6.51 | 3.74 | 0.94 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 2.66 | 6.25 | 7.34 | 7.94 | 56.01 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 76 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 74 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 9 (48) |
9 (48) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
16 (61) |
18 (64) |
19 (66) |
18 (64) |
16 (61) |
12 (54) |
11 (52) |
14 (56) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147 | 143 | 204 | 233 | 289 | 319 | 326 | 309 | 240 | 197 | 135 | 134 | 2,676 |
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (February, July and August record lows only)[78] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteoclimat (normals except dewpoints and humidity)[79]
Source 3: Meteoclimat (records except February, July and August record lows)[80] Source 4: Time and Date (dew points and humidity)[81] |
Flora and fauna
Over 500 different species of flowering plants grow on the Rock. Gibraltar is the only place in Europe where the Gibraltar candytuft (Iberis gibraltarica) is found growing in the wild; the plant is otherwise native to North Africa. It is the symbol of the Upper Rock nature reserve. Olive and pine trees are among the most common of those growing around the Rock.
Most of the Rock's upper area is covered by a
Other mammals found in Gibraltar include rabbits, foxes and bats. Dolphins and whales are frequently seen in the Bay of Gibraltar. Migrating birds are very common and Gibraltar is home to the only Barbary partridges found on the European continent.
In 1991, Graham Watson, Gibraltar's
Environment
In May 2016, a report by the
Economy
Gibraltar's economy is dominated by four main sectors:
Gibraltar's
More than half (53%) of the labour force are resident in Spain or are non Gibraltarians. According to the Government of Gibraltar's statistics, around 45% of the total employee jobs, and 58% of the private sector jobs, are held by frontier workers (employees who are normally resident in Spain but are employed in Gibraltar). Around 63% of the frontier workers are Spanish nationals. More than half (55%) of the private sector employee jobs are held by persons who are not Gibraltarians or Other British nationalities. The public sector, on the other hand, employs mainly Gibraltarians and other British (90%) [87] As a consequence, according to Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar, during Brexit negotiations, a frontier which lacked the necessary fluidity for people to be able to access their places of work would put directly at risk nearly half of the jobs of the Gibraltar workforce.[88][89]
In the early 2000s, many bookmakers and online gaming operators moved to Gibraltar to benefit from operating in a regulated jurisdiction with a favourable corporate tax regime. This corporate tax regime for non-resident controlled companies was phased out by January 2011 and replaced by a still favourable fixed corporate tax rate of 10 per cent.[90]
Tourism is also a significant industry. Gibraltar is a popular port for cruise ships and attracts day visitors from resorts in Spain. The Rock is a popular tourist attraction, particularly among British tourists and residents in the southern coast of Spain. It is also a popular shopping destination, and all goods and services are
A number of British and international banks have operations based in Gibraltar. Jyske Bank claims to be the oldest bank in the country, based on Jyske's acquisition in 1987 of Banco Galliano, which began operations in Gibraltar in 1855. An ancestor of Barclays, the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, entered in 1888, and Credit Foncier (now Crédit Agricole) entered in 1920.
There is some manufacturing activity, representing around 2% of the total employment. One company (Bassadone Automotive Group) supplies ambulances and other project vehicles converted locally from SUV vehicles to the United Nations and other agencies, employing some 320 staff across its range of activities.[91]
In 1967, Gibraltar enacted the Companies (Taxation and Concessions) Ordinance (now an Act), which provided for special tax treatment for international business.[92] This was one of the factors leading to the growth of professional services such as private banking and captive insurance management. Gibraltar has several attractive attributes as a financial centre, including a common law legal system and access to the EU single market in financial services. Gibraltar is considered a high class jurisdiction and is listed on the "white list" by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) due to its highly regulated financial and e-gaming sectors, sharing the same status as the UK, USA and Germany.[93] It is internationally collaborative, including in the exchange of information on tax matters.[93]
The Gibraltar Stock Exchange was established in 2014.
In January 2018, Gibraltar introduced a regulatory framework for Distributed Ledger Technology, with the aim of pursuing a “more flexible, adaptive approach... in the case of novel business activities, products, and business models”.
The currency of Gibraltar is the
Demographics
Gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with a usually-resident population in 2012 of 32,194[106] equivalent to approximately 4,959/km2 (12,840/sq mi). The growing demand for space is being increasingly met by land reclamation; reclaimed land makes up approximately one-tenth of the territory's total area, but houses over 40% of its population (2012 Census).
Ethnic groups
The demographics of Gibraltar reflect the many
Origin of surnames in the electoral roll by percentage is: British (27%), Spanish (26%, mostly
Resident Census | 1981[3] | 1991[3] | 2001[3] | 2012[3] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gibraltarian | 74.9% | 75.0% | 83.2% | 79.0% |
UK and other British | 14.0% | 14.3% | 9.6% | 13.2% |
Moroccan | 8.1% | 6.7% | 3.5% | 1.6% |
Other nationalities (*) | 3.1% | 4.0% | 3.7% | 6.2% |
Spanish | – | – | 1.19%[108] | 2.1% |
Other EU | – | – | 1.0%[108] | 1.6% |
- (*) Includes all nationalities different from Gibraltarian, UK and other British and Moroccan.
Language
The official language of Gibraltar is English and is used by the government and in schools. Most locals are bilingual, also speaking Spanish. However, because of the varied mix of ethnic groups which reside there, other languages are also spoken on the Rock. Berber and Arabic are spoken by the Moroccan community, as are Hindi and Sindhi by the Indian community. Maltese is spoken by some families of Maltese descent.[109]
Gibraltarians often converse in Llanito (pronounced [ʎaˈnito]), a vernacular unique to Gibraltar. It is based on Andalusian Spanish with a strong mixture of British English and elements from languages such as Maltese, Portuguese, Genoese Italian and Haketia (a Judaeo-Spanish dialect). Llanito also often involves code-switching to English and Spanish.
The English language is becoming increasingly dominant in Gibraltar, with the younger generation speaking little or no Llanito despite learning Spanish in school.[110]
Gibraltarians often call themselves Llanitos.[111]
Religion
According to the 2012 census, approximately 72.1% of Gibraltarians are
There is also a ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and two congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses
The third religion in size is
Education
On 31 March 2015, the government of Gibraltar announced the adoption of the University of Gibraltar Act and the University of Gibraltar opened in September 2015.[115][116] Previously, there were no facilities in Gibraltar for full-time higher education, and consequently, all Gibraltarian students studied elsewhere at degree level or its equivalent and also for certain non-degree courses.[117]
Health care
All Gibraltarians are entitled to health care in public
The Gibraltar Health Authority, established under the Medical (Gibraltar Health Authority) Act of 1987
As of 2012 the authority was responsible for the health of some 27,000 individuals. The GHA and Social Welfare System are closely based upon their British counterparts, namely the National Health Service.[120] As of 2003 the organisation was funded through roughly £19 million ($27 million) of social insurance stamp contributions through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme.[121]
In September 2014
A Community Mental Health Team was established in 2017, and in 2018 the Gibraltar Health Authority School of Health Studies introduced a Mental Health Nursing degree to tackle difficulties in recruiting mental health nurses.[124]
Culture
The
The Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation operates a television and radio station on UHF, VHF and medium-wave. The radio service is also internet-streamed. Special events and the daily news bulletin are streamed in video. The other local radio service is operated by the British Forces Broadcasting Service which also provides a limited cable television network to HM Forces. The largest and most frequently published newspaper is the Gibraltar Chronicle, Gibraltar's oldest established daily newspaper and the world's second-oldest English language newspaper to have been in print continuously[127] with daily editions six days a week. Panorama is published on weekdays, and 7 Days, The New People, and Gibsport are weekly.
Native Gibraltarians have produced some literature of note. The first in fiction was probably Héctor Licudi's 1929 novel Barbarita, written in Spanish,[128] chronicling the largely autobiographical adventures of a young Gibraltarian man. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, several anthologies of poetry were published by Leopoldo Sanguinetti, Albert Joseph Patron and Alberto Pizzarello. The 1960s were largely dominated by the theatrical works of Elio Cruz and his two highly acclaimed Spanish language plays La Lola se va pá Londre and Connie con cama camera en el comedor.[citation needed] In the 1990s, the Gibraltarian man-of-letters Mario Arroyo published Profiles (1994), a series of bilingual meditations on love, loneliness and death. Trino Cruz is a bilingual poet originally writing English but now mainly in Spanish, who also translates Maghreb poetry.[129][130][131] Of late there have been works by the essayist Mary Chiappe, such as her volume of essays Cabbages and Kings (2006) and by M. G. Sanchez, author of the books Rock Black: Ten Gibraltarian Stories (2008) and Diary of a Victorian Colonial (2009). Mary Chiappe and Sam Benady have also published a series of detective books centred on the character of the nineteenth-century Gibraltarian sleuth Bresciano.
Musicians from Gibraltar include Charles Ramirez, the first guitarist invited to play with the Royal College of Music Orchestra,[132] successful rock bands like Breed 77, Melon Diesel and Taxi, while Gibraltarian bassist Glen Diani played for Irish/British nu metal group One Minute Silence. Albert Hammond had top 10 hits in the UK and US and has written many songs for international artists such as Whitney Houston, Tina Turner and Julio Iglesias.[133]
Cultural references
- The outbreak of yellow fever in 1804 is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's 1836 poetical illustration "Gibraltar. Scene During the Plague". to an engraving of a painting by Charles Bentley (Gibraltar from Algexiras).[134] She published two further poetical illustrations on Gibraltar the following year, "Gibraltar—from the Sea".[135] and "Gibraltar, From the Queen of Spain's Chair".,[136] both of which are again to engravings of paintings by Charles Bentley. All these can be found in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books.
- The first track in Beirut's 2015 album No No No is named "Gibraltar", and the music video is set in a dystopian version of the island.[137]
- Mark Twain describes a stop at Gibraltar and comments on it in The Innocents Abroad, an account of his pilgrimage to the holy land.[138]
- As Alameda Gardens.[139]
- John Masters' book The Rock is a collection of short stories set in Gibraltar: ranging from a story set in prehistoric times to one suggesting a possible future for the Rock.[citation needed]
- Raymond Benson's James Bond novel Doubleshot deals with a fictional plot to forcibly return Gibraltar to Spain. The climax takes place in Gibraltar.[citation needed]
- In 1782, Bardengesang auf Gibraltar: O Calpe! Dir donnert's am Fusse.[citation needed]
- The film The Silent Enemy was filmed on location in Gibraltar in 1958. It is a dramatisation of the period during the Second World War when Lionel "Buster" Crabb served as a mine and disposal officer in Gibraltar while frogmen of the Italian Navy's Tenth Light Flotilla were sinking vital shipping.
- The Ballad of John and Yoko (1969) features the line "You can get married in Gibraltar near Spain", in reference to musician John Lennon's famous marriage to artist Yoko Ono within the territory.[140]
- The game Overwatch contains a map named "Watchpoint: Gibraltar" which is set on the Rock of Gibraltar.
- The Diamonds from Sierra Leone (Remix)features the line "How could you falter when you're the rock of Gibraltar?".
Sport
Football is a popular sport in Gibraltar. The Gibraltar Football Association applied for full membership of UEFA, but their bid was turned down in 2007 in a contentious decision.[141] Gibraltar was confirmed as UEFA's 54th member on 24 May 2013 as a result of Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) arbitration and played in Euro 2016 qualifications.[142][143] Their first match was a 0–0 draw against Slovakia. Gibraltar's national team won its first-ever match in UEFA competition on 13 October 2018, beating Armenia in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League D.[144]
Subsequently, Gibraltar applied for FIFA membership but this bid was also turned down. On 2 May 2016, the CAS upheld the appeal filed by the Gibraltar Football Association regarding its request to become a full-time member of FIFA. CAS ordered FIFA to stop blocking Gibraltar's application for membership and allow it "without delay".[145]
Communications
Gibraltar has a digital
Transport
Road
Within Gibraltar, the main form of transport is the car.
Restrictions on transport introduced by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco closed the land frontier in 1969 and also prohibited any air or ferry connections. In 1982, the land border was reopened. As the result of an agreement signed in Córdoba on 18 September 2006 between Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and Spain,[147] the Spanish government agreed to relax border controls at the frontier that have plagued locals for decades; in return, Britain paid increased pensions to Spanish workers who lost their jobs when Franco closed the border.[148] Telecommunication restrictions were lifted in February 2007 and air links with Spain were restored in December 2006.[149][150]
Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays.[151] Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the Aurora cruise ship incident[152] and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel Piraña were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters.[153]
Air
As of 2017[update], Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London (Heathrow, Gatwick & Luton), Manchester and Bristol in the UK, and with Casablanca and Tangier in Morocco.[154] This is via the Royal Air Force's military aerodrome in Gibraltar, which also serves as the territory's civilian airport.[155]
.The most popular alternative airport for Gibraltar is Málaga Airport in Spain, some 120 km (75 mi) to the east, which offers a wide range of destinations, second to Jerez Airport which is closer to Gibraltar. In addition, the Algeciras Heliport across the bay offers scheduled services to Ceuta.
Sea
Gibraltar Cruise Terminal receives a large number of visits from cruise ships. The Strait of Gibraltar is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world.
Passenger and cargo ships anchor in the
Ferries by FRS running twice a week from Gibraltar to
Rail
While railway track extends to the outskirts of
Water supply and sanitation
Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar have been major concerns for its inhabitants throughout its history. There are no rivers, streams, or large bodies of water on the peninsula. Gibraltar's water supply was formerly provided by a combination of an aqueduct, wells, and the use of cisterns, barrels and earthenware pots to capture rainwater. This became increasingly inadequate as Gibraltar's population grew in the 18th and 19th centuries and lethal diseases such as cholera and yellow fever began to spread. In the late 19th century, a Sanitary Commission instigated major improvements which saw the introduction of large-scale desalination and the use of giant water catchments covering over 2.5 million square feet (nearly 250,000 m2). Today Gibraltar's supply of drinking water comes entirely from desalination, with a separate supply of saltwater for sanitary purposes. Both supplies are delivered from huge underground reservoirs excavated under the Rock of Gibraltar.
Police
The Royal Gibraltar Police (RGP), Gibraltar Defence Police (GDP) and His Majesty's Customs (Gibraltar) are Gibraltar's principal civilian law enforcement agencies. Outside the United Kingdom, the RGP is the oldest police force of the former British Empire, formed shortly after the creation of London's Metropolitan Police in 1829 when Gibraltar was declared a crown colony on 25 June 1830.[171]
In general, the Gibraltar force follows British police models in its dress and its mostly male constables and sergeants on foot patrol wear the traditional
The force, whose name received the prefix "Royal" in 1992, numbers over 220 officers divided into a number of units. These include the
On 24 September 2015, the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar was conferred upon the RGP by the Mayor, Adolfo Canepa.
Armed forces
The defence of Gibraltar, as a British territory, is the responsibility of the national (i.e., British) government, with its tri-services British Forces Gibraltar:
- The Royal Gibraltar Regiment provides the army garrison with a detachment of the British Army, based at Devil's Tower Camp.[172] The regiment was originally a part-time reserve force until the British Army placed it on a permanent footing in 1990. The regiment includes full-time and part-time soldiers recruited from Gibraltar as well as British Army regulars posted from other regiments.
- The Sir George Rooke, who captured the Rock for Archduke Charles (pretender to the Spanish throne) in 1704. The naval air base was named HMS Cormorant. Gibraltar's strategic position provides an important facility for the Royal Navy and Britain's allies. British and US nuclear submarines frequently visit the Z berths at Gibraltar.[173] A Z berth provides the facility for nuclear submarines to visit for operational or recreational purposes and for non-nuclear repairs. During the Falklands War, an Argentine plan to attack British shipping in the harbour using frogmen (Operation Algeciras) was foiled.[174]The naval base also played a part in supporting the task force sent by Britain to recover the Falklands.
- The Royal Air Force station at Gibraltar forms part of Headquarters British Forces Gibraltar. Although aircraft are no longer permanently stationed at RAF Gibraltar, a variety of RAF aircraft make regular visits and the airfield also houses a section from the Met Office. The Gibraltar Air Cadets is an active squadron.[175]
In January 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that the private company Serco would provide services to the base. The announcement resulted in the affected trade unions striking.
Gibraltar has an important role in UKSIGINT and provides a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom communications gathering and monitoring network in the Mediterranean and North Africa.[176][177]
-
846 NAS with HMS Scimitar
-
The Royal Navy's base in Gibraltar
Historically, Gibraltar was one of four Imperial fortress colonies, along with Bermuda, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Malta.
Sister cities
Gibraltar has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:
- Raleigh, North Carolina, United States[178]
Freedom of the City
The following people, military units, and Groups have received the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar.[179]
Individuals
- Gustavo Bacarisas: 3 October 1962.
- James John Joseph Giraldi: 12 August 1982.
- Sir Joshua Abraham Hassan: 11 December 1996.
- Sir Robert Peliza: 7 May 1998.
- Monsignor Bernard Patrick Devlin: 3 June 1999.
- 3rd Baron Merrivale: 18 October 2001.
- Lord Hoyle of Warrington: 9 September 2004.
- Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell: 9 September 2004.
- Michael Ancram, 13th Marquess of Lothian: 1 February 2011.
- Andrew Stuart MacKinlay: 1 February 2011.
- Kaiane Aldorino: 15 September 2011.
- Lord Janner of Braunstone: 22 March 2012.
- Sir Graham Watson: 10 September 2014.
- Christian Hook: 2 June 2017.
- Sir Joseph John Bossano: 10 September 2019.
- Adolfo Canepa: 25 May 2021.[180]
Military units
- The Royal Gibraltar Regiment: 25 September 1971.
- The Corps of Royal Engineers: 6 March 1972.
- The Royal Regiment of Artillery: 29 April 1981.
- HMS Calpe, RN: 27 April 1991.
- The Royal Marines: 28 October 1996.
- The Royal Navy: 4 August 2004.
- The Royal Gibraltar Police: 26 September 2015.
- 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment: 26 November 2016.[181]
- RAF Gibraltar: 2 April 2018.[182]
Organisations and groups
- The Congregation of Christian Brothers: 2 July 1977.
- The All Party British Gibraltar Group in the Parliament of the United Kingdom: 23 October 1982.
- The Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary: 13 December 2005.
- The Scout Association (Gibraltar Branch): 2 October 2008.
- Girlguiding Gibraltar: 8 June 2010.
- Special Olympics Gibraltar: 24 October 2015.
See also
- 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash
- Attorney General of Gibraltar
- Chief Justice of Gibraltar
- Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar
- List of Gibraltarians
- Outline of Gibraltar
Notes
- ^ Gibraltar's status as a British territory is disputed by Spain, while the United Nations regards it as a Non-Self-Governing Territory.[6]
- ^ An ICAO indicator is a unique identifying 4-letter identifier, assigned to airports and airfields. As of September 2018, there were 22,503 ICAO indicator assignments in current use
- ^ A WMO identifier is a unique 5-digit numeric code to identify a land weather station. As of September 2018 there were 18,762 WMO identifier assignments in current use.
- ^ Above mean sea level.
- ^ Despite several sites reporting that tag rugby was invented by Perry Haddock in Australia around 1990 (this is OzTag, a variant of Tag Rugby), Godwin's wrote about the topic seven years prior. Godwin does not mention when the sport began in Gibraltar, but he does explicitly use the term "Tag Rugby" to describe the game.
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- ^ Giles Tremlett (24 July 2004). "Falklands war almost spread to Gibraltar". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
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- doi:10.4000/archeomed.9077. Archived from the originalon 14 January 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
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- ^ "Freedom of the City for Royal Anglian Regiment". Gibraltar Chronicle. 29 November 2016. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "Freedom of the City for RAF Gibraltar to mark RAF100". Gibraltar Chronicle. April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018.
Bibliography
- Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9934-1. Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- Bond, Peter (2003). "Gibraltar's Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779–1783". 300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704–2004 (1st ed.). Gibraltar: Peter-Tan Publishing Co. pp. 28–29.
- Chartrand, René (July 2006). Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Patrice Courcelle (1st ed.). Gibraltar: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-977-6. Archived from the originalon 27 September 2007.
- Drinkwater, John: A history of the siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783: With a description and account of that garrison from the earliest periods London, 1862.
- Falkner, James: FIRE OVER THE ROCK: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783, Pen and Sword, 2009
- Harvey, Robert: A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence, London, 2001
- Rodger, N. A. M.: The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815, London, 2006
- Norwich, John Julius: The Middle Sea: a history of the Mediterranean, Random House, 2006
- Sugden, John: Nelson: A Dream of Glory, London, 2004
- Syrett, David: Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography, London, 2006.
- Maria Monti, Ángel: Historia de Gibraltar: dedicada a SS. AA. RR., los serenisimos señores Infantes Duques de Montpensier, Imp. Juan Moyano, 1852
- Maria Montero, Francisco: Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo, Imprenta de la Revista Médica, 1860
- Uxó Palasí, José: Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios, Almoraima. n.º 34, 2007
External links
- Media related to Gibraltar at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Gibraltar Fire & Rescue Service
- Description of Gibraltar as it was in the mid-19th century. Scherzer, Karl (1861). "Gibraltar: stay from the 20th to the 30th of May, 1857". Narrative of the circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian frigate Novara. London: Saunders, Otley & Co.
- Old maps of Gibraltar from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the National Library of Israel