Gibraltar

Coordinates: 36°08′N 5°21′W / 36.14°N 5.35°W / 36.14; -5.35
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Gibraltar
parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor
Sir David Steel
Fabian Picardo
• Mayor
Carmen Gómez[2]
Legislature
Area
• Total
6.8 km2 (2.6 sq mi)
• Water (%)
0
Highest elevation
426 m (1,398 ft)
Population
• 2020 estimate
34,003[3] (220th)
• 2022 census
32,688
• Density
5,000/km2 (12,949.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2013 estimate
• Total
£1.64 billion (not ranked)
• Per capita
£50,941 (not ranked)
GDP (nominal)estimate
• Total
£2.441 billion[4]
HDI (2018)0.961[5]
very high · 3rd
CurrencyPound sterling
Gibraltar pound (£) (GIP)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Driving sideright
Calling code+350
Postcode
GX11 1AA
Internet TLD.gi
Websitewww.gibraltar.gov.gi
An aerial view
Gibraltar from the air, looking north-west

Gibraltar (/ɪˈbrɔːltər/ jih-BRAWL-tər, Spanish: [xiβɾalˈtaɾ]) is a British Overseas Territory[a] and city[7] located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).[8][9] It has an area of 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and is bordered to the north by Spain (Campo de Gibraltar). The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to some 32,688 people (2022 estimate), primarily Gibraltarians.[10]

Gibraltar was founded as a permanent watchtower by the

Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It became an important base for the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars and World War II, as it controlled the narrow entrance and exit to the Mediterranean Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar, with half the world's seaborne trade passing through it.[11][12][13]

The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations, as Spain asserts a claim to the territory.[14][15] Gibraltarians overwhelmingly rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum, and for shared sovereignty in a 2002 referendum. Nevertheless, Gibraltar maintains close economic and cultural links with Spain, with many Gibraltarians speaking Spanish as well as a local dialect known as Llanito.

Gibraltar's economy rests on financial services, e-gaming, tourism and the port.[16] With one of the world's lowest unemployment rates, the largest part of the labour force are resident in Spain or non-Gibraltarians, especially in the private sector. Since Brexit, Gibraltar is not a member of the European Union but negotiations are under way to have it participate in the Schengen Agreement to facilitate border movements between Gibraltar and Spain.[17] As of March 2023, talks seem deadlocked.[18]

Name

The name is derived from

Arabic: جبل طارق, romanizedJabal Ṭāriq, lit.'Mount of Tariq' (named after the 8th-century Moorish military leader Tariq ibn Ziyad).[19]

History

View of the northern face of the Moorish Castle's Tower of Homage

Prehistory and ancient history

Evidence of

Homo sapiens after the final extinction of the Neanderthals. Stone tools, ancient hearths and animal bones dating from around 40,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago have been found in deposits left in Gorham's Cave.[21]

Numerous

potsherds dating from the Neolithic period have been found in Gibraltar's caves, mostly of types typical of the Almerian culture found elsewhere in Andalusia, especially around the town of Almería, from which it takes its name.[22] There is little evidence of habitation in the Bronze Age when people had largely stopped living in caves.[23]

During ancient times, Gibraltar was regarded by the peoples of the Mediterranean as a place of religious and symbolic importance. The

San Roque, was founded by the Phoenicians around 950 BC on the site of an early settlement of the native Turdetani people.[28]

Middle Ages

After the collapse of the

Boniface
, the Count (or commander) of the territory.

The area later formed part of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania for almost 300 years, from 414 until 711 AD.

Following a raid in 710, a predominantly Berber army under the command of

Islamic conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula. Mons Calpe was renamed Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), "the Mount of Tariq", subsequently corrupted into Gibraltar.[25]

In 1160 the Almohad Sultan Abd al-Mu'min ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built. It received the name of Medinat al-Fath (City of the Victory).[31] The Tower of Homage of the Moorish Castle remains standing today.

From 1274 onwards, the town was fought over and captured by the

Marinids of Fez (in 1274 and 1333) and the kings of Castile (in 1309). Upon the Nasrid destruction and abandonment of Algeciras circa 1375 and Nasrids' procurement of Gibraltar away from Marinids in 1375, the Nasrids favoured Gibraltar (a worse natural harbor than Algeciras but featuring better defence capabilities) as a military and urban outpost in the Strait, although Gibraltar did not ever reach a large population during this period.[32]

Modern era

Baedeker map of Gibraltar, 1901

In 1462, Gibraltar was

After the conquest,

Royal Warrant
granting Gibraltar the coat of arms that it still uses.

In 1704, during the

American War of Independence
.

After the destructive Great Siege, the town was almost entirely rebuilt.[37] Giovanni Maria Boschetti, who arrived in Gibraltar in 1784 as a 25-year-old from Milan, where he is thought to have been a stonemason or engineer, built the Victualling Yard (completed in 1812) and many other buildings. Boschetti is regarded as having been responsible for setting the old town's style, described by Claire Montado, chief executive of the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, as "military-ordnance-style arched doorways, Italianate stucco relief, Genoese shutters, English Regency ironwork balconies, Spanish stained glass and Georgian sash and casement windows."[37]

During the Napoleonic Wars, Gibraltar became a key base for the Royal Navy and played an important role leading up to the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805). Designated one of four Imperial fortresses (along with Halifax, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Malta),[38] its strategic location made it a key base during the Crimean War of 1854–1856. In the 18th century, the peacetime military garrison fluctuated in numbers from a minimum of 1,100 to a maximum of 5,000. The first half of the 19th century saw a significant increase of population to more than 17,000 in 1860, as people from Britain and all around the Mediterranean – Italian, Portuguese, Maltese, Jewish and French – took up residence in the town.[39]

Its strategic value increased with the opening of the Suez Canal, as it lay on the sea route between the UK and the British Empire east of Suez. In the later 19th century, major investments were made to improve the fortifications and the port.[40]

Contemporary history

Hurricanes, but later, notably from the USN aircraft carrier Wasp, Spitfires), the critical Operation Pedestal convoy was run from Gibraltar in August 1942. This resupplied the island at a critical time in the face of concentrated air attacks from German and Italian forces. Spanish dictator Francisco Franco's reluctance to allow the German Army onto Spanish soil frustrated a German plan to capture the Rock, codenamed Operation Felix
.

HM Dockyard, Gibraltar
, dating from the 1895 expansion

In the 1950s, Franco renewed Spain's claim to sovereignty over Gibraltar and restricted movement between Gibraltar and Spain. Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain under British sovereignty in the

European Community
.

In the early 2000s, Britain and Spain were in negotiations over a potential agreement that would see them sharing sovereignty over Gibraltar. The government of Gibraltar organised a referendum on the plan, and 99% of the population voted to reject it.[42][43] In 2008, the British government committed to respecting the Gibraltarians' wishes.[44] A new Constitution Order was approved in referendum in 2006. A process of tripartite negotiations started in 2006 between Spain, Gibraltar and the UK, ending some restrictions and dealing with disputes in some specific areas such as air movements, customs procedures, telecommunications, pensions and cultural exchange.[45]

In the

Gibraltarians voted to remain on an 84% turnout.[46] Spain renewed calls for joint Spanish–British control of the peninsula;[47] these were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar's Chief Minister.[48] On 18 October 2018, however, Spain seemed to have reached an agreement with the United Kingdom in relation to its objections to Gibraltar leaving the EU with the UK, with Spain's prime minister Pedro Sánchez stating, "Gibraltar will no longer be a problem in arriving at a Brexit deal."[49]

On 31 January 2020, the UK left the European Union and consequently so did Gibraltar. Under the terms of the transition phase in the Brexit withdrawal agreement, Gibraltar's relationship with the EU continued unchanged until the end of 2020 when it was replaced by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the Schengen Area,[17] to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force.[17][50][51][52]

In 2022, Gibraltar launched a bid for city status as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours. The bid was refused, but when researchers looked through the National Archives, they found that it had already been recognised as a city by Queen Victoria in 1842.[53] The status came into force on 29 August 2022.[53]

Governance

The Convent
John Mackintosh Square entrance to the Gibraltar Parliament

Under its current

King Charles III, who is represented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government.[58][59][60]

The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Liberal Party of Gibraltar (LPG) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). The PDP was a new party, formed in 2006 and fielded candidates in the 2007 election, but none were elected. The head of government is the Chief Minister (as of December 2011, Fabian Picardo). All local political parties oppose any transfer of sovereignty to Spain, instead supporting self-determination. The main UK opposition parties also support this policy, and it is British government policy not to engage in talks about the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of the people of Gibraltar.[61]

Gibraltar was part of the

Pedro Sánchez stated on 18 October 2018 that the Gibraltar protocol had been "resolved" and that Spain will hold no objection when Gibraltar leaves the EU with Britain.[64][65]

Gibraltar was nominated to be included on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories by the United Kingdom when the list was created in 1946[66] and has been listed ever since.[67] The government of Gibraltar has actively worked to have Gibraltar removed from the list,[68] and in 2008 the British government declared Gibraltar's continued presence on the list an anachronism.[69]

Gibraltar is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right and is represented by the United Kingdom but was granted Associate Membership of the Commonwealth Foundation in 2004. Gibraltar has competed in the Commonwealth Games since 1958.

Party Members of Parliament
Socialist Labour 7
Social Democrats 8
Liberal 2
Total 17

Citizenship

As a result of the

British citizen ("an entitlement that cannot be refused") under section 5 of the Act. Under the subsequent British Overseas Territories Act 2002
, all British Overseas Territories citizens became British citizens on 21 May 2002.

International relations

Gibraltar is not a sovereign state: its formal international relations are the responsibility of the Government of the United Kingdom. Since Brexit, it is not part of the European Union, but is a participant in the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the Schengen Area,[17] to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force,[17][50] but both sides aim to keep delays at the border at a minimum in the meantime.[51][70][71] As of March 2023, talks remain stalled, with Spain insisting that its Policía Nacional control entry into the Schengen area and the UK demanding that the work be done by officers of the European Union agency Frontex. All other entry points to the Schengen area are controlled by national authorities, supplemented by Frontex in some places.[18]

Geography

View of the Rock of Gibraltar from the Mediterranean Steps
Enlargeable, detailed map of Gibraltar

Gibraltar's territory covers 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and shares a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) land border with Spain. The town of

Westside, where the vast majority of the population lives. Gibraltar has no administrative divisions but is divided into seven Major Residential Areas
.

Having negligible

freshwater resources, limited to natural wells in the north, until recently Gibraltar used large concrete or natural rock water catchments to collect rainwater. Fresh water from the boreholes is nowadays supplemented by two desalination plants: a reverse osmosis plant, constructed in a tunnel within the rock, and a multi-stage flash distillation plant at North Mole.[72]

Gibraltar's terrain consists of the 426 m-high (1,398 ft) Rock of Gibraltar[73] made of Jurassic limestone, and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. It contains many tunnelled roads, most of which are still operated by the military and closed to the general public.

Morocco (top far left across Strait); Spain: Algeciras (top centre across Bay of Gibraltar) and La Linea (right); Gibraltar cruise port and airport runway (right foreground); from the Rock

Climate

Gibraltar has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa),[74][75] with mild, rainy winters and summers that are very warm to hot and humid, but with very little rainfall. As is the case for nearby Algeciras and Tarifa, summers are significantly cooler and annual temperature more constant than other cities on the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula because of its position on the Strait of Gibraltar. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Its average annual temperature is 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) as a daily high and 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) as the overnight low. In the coldest month, January, the high temperature averages 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) and the overnight low averages 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F). In the warmest month, August, the daily high temperature averages 28.4 °C (83.1 °F), the overnight low averages 21.2 °C (70.2 °F), and the average sea temperature is 22 °C (72 °F).[76] [77]

Climate data for
amsl,[d]
1991−2020 normals (except dewpoints and humidity), 1985-2015 dewpoints and humidity, extremes 1958−present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2)
24.1
(75.4)
30.3
(86.5)
32.0
(89.6)
33.2
(91.8)
38.0
(100.4)
40.6
(105.1)
40.2
(104.4)
34.5
(94.1)
33.7
(92.7)
29.6
(85.3)
25.0
(77.0)
40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3)
16.7
(62.1)
18.3
(64.9)
20.0
(68.0)
22.6
(72.7)
25.6
(78.1)
28.1
(82.6)
28.4
(83.1)
25.9
(78.6)
22.5
(72.5)
19.1
(66.4)
17.0
(62.6)
21.7
(71.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8)
14.2
(57.6)
15.6
(60.1)
17.0
(62.6)
19.3
(66.7)
22.1
(71.8)
24.3
(75.7)
24.8
(76.6)
22.8
(73.0)
19.9
(67.8)
16.6
(61.9)
14.7
(58.5)
18.8
(65.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2)
11.5
(52.7)
12.7
(54.9)
13.9
(57.0)
16.0
(60.8)
18.5
(65.3)
20.5
(68.9)
21.2
(70.2)
19.7
(67.5)
17.3
(63.1)
14.1
(57.4)
12.4
(54.3)
15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0)
0.6
(33.1)
2.0
(35.6)
0.0
(32.0)
9.0
(48.2)
9.0
(48.2)
14.4
(57.9)
13.9
(57.0)
12.3
(54.1)
9.0
(48.2)
5.7
(42.3)
0.8
(33.4)
0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 97.5
(3.84)
93.6
(3.69)
83.4
(3.28)
68.8
(2.71)
26.9
(1.06)
8.5
(0.33)
0.7
(0.03)
1.1
(0.04)
25.6
(1.01)
84.9
(3.34)
99.1
(3.90)
150.7
(5.93)
740.8
(29.16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.20 6.36 6.64 6.51 3.74 0.94 0.23 0.20 2.66 6.25 7.34 7.94 56.01
Average
relative humidity
(%)
75 75 74 72 71 70 71 72 76 79 77 77 74
Average dew point °C (°F) 9
(48)
9
(48)
11
(52)
11
(52)
13
(55)
16
(61)
18
(64)
19
(66)
18
(64)
16
(61)
12
(54)
11
(52)
14
(56)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147 143 204 233 289 319 326 309 240 197 135 134 2,676
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (February, July and August record lows only)[78]
Source 2: Meteoclimat (normals except dewpoints and humidity)[79]

Source 3: Meteoclimat (records except February, July and August record lows)[80]

Source 4: Time and Date (dew points and humidity)[81]

Flora and fauna

Gibraltar candytuft growing at the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens
A common dolphin in the Bay of Gibraltar

Over 500 different species of flowering plants grow on the Rock. Gibraltar is the only place in Europe where the Gibraltar candytuft (Iberis gibraltarica) is found growing in the wild; the plant is otherwise native to North Africa. It is the symbol of the Upper Rock nature reserve. Olive and pine trees are among the most common of those growing around the Rock.

Most of the Rock's upper area is covered by a

Colonial Secretary requesting that something be done about the situation.[83]

Other mammals found in Gibraltar include rabbits, foxes and bats. Dolphins and whales are frequently seen in the Bay of Gibraltar. Migrating birds are very common and Gibraltar is home to the only Barbary partridges found on the European continent.

In 1991, Graham Watson, Gibraltar's

bat species.[84]

Environment

The Rock of Gibraltar (2010)

In May 2016, a report by the

PM2.5 pollutants in the air.[85]

Economy

Barbary macaques are an integral feature in Gibraltar's tourism
.

Gibraltar's economy is dominated by four main sectors:

naval dockyard
providing the bulk of economic activity. This, however, has diminished over the last 20 years and is estimated to account for only 7 per cent of the local economy, compared to over 60 per cent in 1984. The territory also has a small manufacturing sector, representing a bit less than 2 per cent of the economy.

Gibraltar's

labour market
employs around thirty thousand workers, 80% in the private sector and 20% in the public sector. The unemployment rate is extremely low, at around 1 per cent.

More than half (53%) of the labour force are resident in Spain or are non Gibraltarians. According to the Government of Gibraltar's statistics, around 45% of the total employee jobs, and 58% of the private sector jobs, are held by frontier workers (employees who are normally resident in Spain but are employed in Gibraltar). Around 63% of the frontier workers are Spanish nationals. More than half (55%) of the private sector employee jobs are held by persons who are not Gibraltarians or Other British nationalities. The public sector, on the other hand, employs mainly Gibraltarians and other British (90%) [87] As a consequence, according to Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar, during Brexit negotiations, a frontier which lacked the necessary fluidity for people to be able to access their places of work would put directly at risk nearly half of the jobs of the Gibraltar workforce.[88][89]

In the early 2000s, many bookmakers and online gaming operators moved to Gibraltar to benefit from operating in a regulated jurisdiction with a favourable corporate tax regime. This corporate tax regime for non-resident controlled companies was phased out by January 2011 and replaced by a still favourable fixed corporate tax rate of 10 per cent.[90]

Tourism is also a significant industry. Gibraltar is a popular port for cruise ships and attracts day visitors from resorts in Spain. The Rock is a popular tourist attraction, particularly among British tourists and residents in the southern coast of Spain. It is also a popular shopping destination, and all goods and services are

Mango
.

Queensway Quay Marina, along with Ocean Village, are two exclusive residential districts.

A number of British and international banks have operations based in Gibraltar. Jyske Bank claims to be the oldest bank in the country, based on Jyske's acquisition in 1987 of Banco Galliano, which began operations in Gibraltar in 1855. An ancestor of Barclays, the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, entered in 1888, and Credit Foncier (now Crédit Agricole) entered in 1920.

There is some manufacturing activity, representing around 2% of the total employment. One company (Bassadone Automotive Group) supplies ambulances and other project vehicles converted locally from SUV vehicles to the United Nations and other agencies, employing some 320 staff across its range of activities.[91]

In 1967, Gibraltar enacted the Companies (Taxation and Concessions) Ordinance (now an Act), which provided for special tax treatment for international business.[92] This was one of the factors leading to the growth of professional services such as private banking and captive insurance management. Gibraltar has several attractive attributes as a financial centre, including a common law legal system and access to the EU single market in financial services. Gibraltar is considered a high class jurisdiction and is listed on the "white list" by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) due to its highly regulated financial and e-gaming sectors, sharing the same status as the UK, USA and Germany.[93] It is internationally collaborative, including in the exchange of information on tax matters.[93]

The Gibraltar Stock Exchange was established in 2014.

In January 2018, Gibraltar introduced a regulatory framework for Distributed Ledger Technology, with the aim of pursuing a “more flexible, adaptive approach... in the case of novel business activities, products, and business models”.

Big Four accounting firm offices per 1,000 population, the second highest in the world after the British Virgin Islands, and 0.6 banks per 1,000 people, the fifth most banks per capita in the world.[98] As of 2017, there is very significant uncertainty on continuing access to the EU single market after the forthcoming Brexit.[99]

The currency of Gibraltar is the

Coins in circulation follow British denominations but have separate designs. Unofficially, most retail outlets in Gibraltar accept the euro, though some payphones and the Royal Gibraltar Post Office, along with all other government offices, do not.[105]

Demographics

The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned was built in 1462 and is the territory's oldest Catholic church.
The Gibraltar Hindu Temple opened in 2000.
The Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque was a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.

Gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with a usually-resident population in 2012 of 32,194[106] equivalent to approximately 4,959/km2 (12,840/sq mi). The growing demand for space is being increasingly met by land reclamation; reclaimed land makes up approximately one-tenth of the territory's total area, but houses over 40% of its population (2012 Census).

Ethnic groups

The demographics of Gibraltar reflect the many

European and other economic migrants
who have moved into the Rock over the course of the last 300 years.

Origin of surnames in the electoral roll by percentage is: British (27%), Spanish (26%, mostly

Usually-resident population and persons present in Gibraltar
Resident Census 1981[3] 1991[3] 2001[3] 2012[3]
Gibraltarian 74.9% 75.0% 83.2% 79.0%
UK and other British 14.0% 14.3% 9.6% 13.2%
Moroccan 8.1% 6.7% 3.5% 1.6%
Other nationalities (*) 3.1% 4.0% 3.7% 6.2%
Spanish 1.19%[108] 2.1%
Other EU 1.0%[108] 1.6%
(*) Includes all nationalities different from Gibraltarian, UK and other British and Moroccan.

Language

The official language of Gibraltar is English and is used by the government and in schools. Most locals are bilingual, also speaking Spanish. However, because of the varied mix of ethnic groups which reside there, other languages are also spoken on the Rock. Berber and Arabic are spoken by the Moroccan community, as are Hindi and Sindhi by the Indian community. Maltese is spoken by some families of Maltese descent.[109]

Gibraltarians often converse in Llanito (pronounced [ʎaˈnito]), a vernacular unique to Gibraltar. It is based on Andalusian Spanish with a strong mixture of British English and elements from languages such as Maltese, Portuguese, Genoese Italian and Haketia (a Judaeo-Spanish dialect). Llanito also often involves code-switching to English and Spanish.

The English language is becoming increasingly dominant in Gibraltar, with the younger generation speaking little or no Llanito despite learning Spanish in school.[110]

Gibraltarians often call themselves Llanitos.[111]

Religion

Percentage of population by religion[3]
Percentage
Roman Catholic
72.1%
Church of England
7.7%
None
7.1%
Other Christian
3.8%
Muslim
3.6%
Jewish
2.4%
Hindu
2.0%
Other/not stated
1.3%

According to the 2012 census, approximately 72.1% of Gibraltarians are

House Church and Charismatic movements, as well as a Plymouth Brethren congregation. Several of these congregations are represented by the Gibraltar Evangelical Alliance.

Cathedral of the Holy Trinity

There is also a ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and two congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses

. 7.1% advised that they have no religion.

The third religion in size is

Hindu population (2%), members of the Baháʼí Faith and a long-established Jewish community, which, at 763 persons, accounts for 2.4% of the population.[112] There are four functioning Orthodox synagogues in Gibraltar
and several kosher establishments.

Education

Westside School, both of which are coeducational, and Prior Park School Gibraltar is an independent co-ed secondary school[114]

On 31 March 2015, the government of Gibraltar announced the adoption of the University of Gibraltar Act and the University of Gibraltar opened in September 2015.[115][116] Previously, there were no facilities in Gibraltar for full-time higher education, and consequently, all Gibraltarian students studied elsewhere at degree level or its equivalent and also for certain non-degree courses.[117]

Health care

All Gibraltarians are entitled to health care in public

Dental treatment and prescribed medicines are free of charge for Gibraltarian students, pensioners and disabled individuals.[118]

The Gibraltar Health Authority, established under the Medical (Gibraltar Health Authority) Act of 1987

A&E attendances, 40,000 outpatient appointments, and 90,000 GP visits a year. Some specialist care is provided by visiting consultants and in UK and Spanish hospitals. First-line medical and nursing services are provided at the Primary Care Centre, which has 16 GPs, with more specialised services available at St Bernard's Hospital
, a 210-bed civilian hospital opened in 2005. Psychiatric care is provided by Ocean Views.

As of 2012 the authority was responsible for the health of some 27,000 individuals. The GHA and Social Welfare System are closely based upon their British counterparts, namely the National Health Service.[120] As of 2003 the organisation was funded through roughly £19 million ($27 million) of social insurance stamp contributions through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme.[121]

In September 2014

electronic patient record for the health service of Gibraltar including a patient administration system, an emergency department system, e-prescribing and other software from Ascribe, which Emis bought in September 2013.[122] The A&E unit at St Bernard's Hospital went live on 24 June 2015 using Emis' Symphony and it is planned that primary and community services and the acute hospital will start to use the Ascribe CaMIS patient administration system.[123]

A Community Mental Health Team was established in 2017, and in 2018 the Gibraltar Health Authority School of Health Studies introduced a Mental Health Nursing degree to tackle difficulties in recruiting mental health nurses.[124]

Culture

Tercentenary
celebrations in Gibraltar

The

Indians
. British influence remains strong, with English being the language of government, commerce, education and the media.

Queen's reign.[126]

The Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation operates a television and radio station on UHF, VHF and medium-wave. The radio service is also internet-streamed. Special events and the daily news bulletin are streamed in video. The other local radio service is operated by the British Forces Broadcasting Service which also provides a limited cable television network to HM Forces. The largest and most frequently published newspaper is the Gibraltar Chronicle, Gibraltar's oldest established daily newspaper and the world's second-oldest English language newspaper to have been in print continuously[127] with daily editions six days a week. Panorama is published on weekdays, and 7 Days, The New People, and Gibsport are weekly.

Gibraltarians dress in their national colours of red and white during the 2013 Gibraltar National Day
celebrations.

Native Gibraltarians have produced some literature of note. The first in fiction was probably Héctor Licudi's 1929 novel Barbarita, written in Spanish,[128] chronicling the largely autobiographical adventures of a young Gibraltarian man. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, several anthologies of poetry were published by Leopoldo Sanguinetti, Albert Joseph Patron and Alberto Pizzarello. The 1960s were largely dominated by the theatrical works of Elio Cruz and his two highly acclaimed Spanish language plays La Lola se va pá Londre and Connie con cama camera en el comedor.[citation needed] In the 1990s, the Gibraltarian man-of-letters Mario Arroyo published Profiles (1994), a series of bilingual meditations on love, loneliness and death. Trino Cruz is a bilingual poet originally writing English but now mainly in Spanish, who also translates Maghreb poetry.[129][130][131] Of late there have been works by the essayist Mary Chiappe, such as her volume of essays Cabbages and Kings (2006) and by M. G. Sanchez, author of the books Rock Black: Ten Gibraltarian Stories (2008) and Diary of a Victorian Colonial (2009). Mary Chiappe and Sam Benady have also published a series of detective books centred on the character of the nineteenth-century Gibraltarian sleuth Bresciano.

Musicians from Gibraltar include Charles Ramirez, the first guitarist invited to play with the Royal College of Music Orchestra,[132] successful rock bands like Breed 77, Melon Diesel and Taxi, while Gibraltarian bassist Glen Diani played for Irish/British nu metal group One Minute Silence. Albert Hammond had top 10 hits in the UK and US and has written many songs for international artists such as Whitney Houston, Tina Turner and Julio Iglesias.[133]

calentita, a baked bread-like dish made with chickpea flour
, water, olive oil, salt and pepper.

Cultural references

Sport

The Gibraltar national football team lining up in their first official match, against Slovakia, in 2013

Football is a popular sport in Gibraltar. The Gibraltar Football Association applied for full membership of UEFA, but their bid was turned down in 2007 in a contentious decision.[141] Gibraltar was confirmed as UEFA's 54th member on 24 May 2013 as a result of Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) arbitration and played in Euro 2016 qualifications.[142][143] Their first match was a 0–0 draw against Slovakia. Gibraltar's national team won its first-ever match in UEFA competition on 13 October 2018, beating Armenia in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League D.[144]

Subsequently, Gibraltar applied for FIFA membership but this bid was also turned down. On 2 May 2016, the CAS upheld the appeal filed by the Gibraltar Football Association regarding its request to become a full-time member of FIFA. CAS ordered FIFA to stop blocking Gibraltar's application for membership and allow it "without delay".[145]

Tag Rugby.[146][e]

Communications

A plaque in City Mill Lane marking the site of Gibraltar's first telephone exchange
A Victorian post box of standard 1887 UK design in use in Gibraltar's Main Street (2008)

Gibraltar has a digital

fibre optic and copper infrastructure; the telephone operator Gibtelecom also operates a GSM network. Internet connectivity is available across the fixed network. Gibraltar's top-level domain code is .gi
.

+350 by the International Telecommunication Union. This has been finally accepted by Spain since 10 February 2007, when the telecom dispute
was resolved.

Transport

The Gibraltar Cable Car runs from outside the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens to the top of the Rock, with an intermediate station at Apes' Den.

Road

Within Gibraltar, the main form of transport is the car.

drives on the right and speed limits are in km/h, as the territory shares a land border with Spain. The E15 route connecting with Spain, France, England and Scotland is accessible from the Spanish side using the CA-34 autovía
.

Restrictions on transport introduced by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco closed the land frontier in 1969 and also prohibited any air or ferry connections. In 1982, the land border was reopened. As the result of an agreement signed in Córdoba on 18 September 2006 between Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and Spain,[147] the Spanish government agreed to relax border controls at the frontier that have plagued locals for decades; in return, Britain paid increased pensions to Spanish workers who lost their jobs when Franco closed the border.[148] Telecommunication restrictions were lifted in February 2007 and air links with Spain were restored in December 2006.[149][150]

Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays.[151] Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the Aurora cruise ship incident[152] and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel Piraña were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters.[153]

Air

As of 2017, Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London (Heathrow, Gatwick & Luton), Manchester and Bristol in the UK, and with Casablanca and Tangier in Morocco.[154] This is via the Royal Air Force's military aerodrome in Gibraltar, which also serves as the territory's civilian airport.[155]

charter flight to Malta is operated by Maltese national airline, Air Malta
.

The main road that crosses Gibraltar Airport
The new terminal at Gibraltar Airport

airport terminal building with an originally estimated completion date of 2009,[159][160] although delays pushed back its official opening until 31 March 2023.[161][162] The new road and tunnel is named Kingsway with the approval of Charles III[163] and passes under the terminal and the eastern edge of the runway before connecting with Devil's Tower Road. Runway access is now closed to everyday road traffic but is still available for exceptional, specific, or emergency use as well as pedestrians, cyclists and mobility scooters although an alternative subway is provided.[164]

The most popular alternative airport for Gibraltar is Málaga Airport in Spain, some 120 km (75 mi) to the east, which offers a wide range of destinations, second to Jerez Airport which is closer to Gibraltar. In addition, the Algeciras Heliport across the bay offers scheduled services to Ceuta.

Sea

Gibraltar Cruise Terminal receives a large number of visits from cruise ships. The Strait of Gibraltar is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world.

Passenger and cargo ships anchor in the

Gibraltar Harbour. Also, a ferry links Gibraltar with Tangier in Morocco. The ferry between Gibraltar and Algeciras, which had been halted in 1969 when Franco severed communications with Gibraltar, was reopened on 16 December 2009, served by the Spanish company Transcoma.[165] A vehicle ramp at the western end of the North Mole allows vehicles to be unloaded from a RORO ferry.[166]

Ferries by FRS running twice a week from Gibraltar to

Tanger-Med port provide access to the Moroccan railway system.[167][168]

Rail

Nothing remains of the two former railway systems within Gibraltar.

On the Spanish side of the border, railway track extends to the outskirts of

San Roque station, accessible via buses from La Línea
.

Water supply and sanitation

Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar have been major concerns for its inhabitants throughout its history. There are no rivers, streams, or large bodies of water on the peninsula. Gibraltar's water supply was formerly provided by a combination of an aqueduct, wells, and the use of cisterns, barrels and earthenware pots to capture rainwater. This became increasingly inadequate as Gibraltar's population grew in the 18th and 19th centuries and lethal diseases such as cholera and yellow fever began to spread. In the late 19th century, a Sanitary Commission instigated major improvements which saw the introduction of large-scale desalination and the use of giant water catchments covering over 2.5 million square feet (nearly 250,000 m2). Today Gibraltar's supply of drinking water comes entirely from desalination, with a separate supply of saltwater for sanitary purposes. Both supplies are delivered from huge underground reservoirs excavated under the Rock of Gibraltar.

Police

Royal Gibraltar Police car, 2012
Royal Gibraltar Police, Marine Section

The Royal Gibraltar Police (RGP), Gibraltar Defence Police (GDP) and His Majesty's Customs (Gibraltar) are Gibraltar's principal civilian law enforcement agencies. Outside the United Kingdom, the RGP is the oldest police force of the former British Empire, formed shortly after the creation of London's Metropolitan Police in 1829 when Gibraltar was declared a crown colony on 25 June 1830.[171]

In general, the Gibraltar force follows British police models in its dress and its mostly male constables and sergeants on foot patrol wear the traditional

left hand drive
.

The force, whose name received the prefix "Royal" in 1992, numbers over 220 officers divided into a number of units. These include the

scene of crime examiners
, traffic, marine and operations units, sections or departments.

On 24 September 2015, the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar was conferred upon the RGP by the Mayor, Adolfo Canepa.

Armed forces

The defence of Gibraltar, as a British territory, is the responsibility of the national (i.e., British) government, with its tri-services British Forces Gibraltar:

In January 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that the private company Serco would provide services to the base. The announcement resulted in the affected trade unions striking.

Gibraltar has an important role in UKSIGINT and provides a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom communications gathering and monitoring network in the Mediterranean and North Africa.[176][177]

Historically, Gibraltar was one of four Imperial fortress colonies, along with Bermuda, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Malta.

Sister cities

Gibraltar has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:

Freedom of the City

The following people, military units, and Groups have received the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar.[179]

Individuals

Military units

Organisations and groups

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Gibraltar's status as a British territory is disputed by Spain, while the United Nations regards it as a Non-Self-Governing Territory.[6]
  2. ^ An ICAO indicator is a unique identifying 4-letter identifier, assigned to airports and airfields. As of September 2018, there were 22,503 ICAO indicator assignments in current use
  3. ^ A WMO identifier is a unique 5-digit numeric code to identify a land weather station. As of September 2018 there were 18,762 WMO identifier assignments in current use.
  4. ^ Above mean sea level.
  5. ^ Despite several sites reporting that tag rugby was invented by Perry Haddock in Australia around 1990 (this is OzTag, a variant of Tag Rugby), Godwin's wrote about the topic seven years prior. Godwin does not mention when the sport began in Gibraltar, but he does explicitly use the term "Tag Rugby" to describe the game.

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Bibliography

External links