Enhanceosome

An enhanceosome is a protein complex that assembles at an enhancer region on DNA and helps to regulate the expression of a target gene.^[1]

Formation

Enhancers are bound by transcription activator proteins and transcriptional regulation is typically controlled by more than one activator. Enhanceosomes are formed in special cases when these activators cooperatively bind together along the enhancer sequence to create a distinct three-dimensional structure. Each enhanceosome is unique towards its specific enhancer. This assembly is facilitated by energetically favorable protein: protein and protein: DNA interactions. Therefore, all the necessary activators need to be present for the enhanceosome to be formed and able to function.^[1]

Function

Once the enhanceosome has been formed, it recruits coactivators and general transcription factors to the promoter region of the target gene to begin transcription.^[2] The effectiveness of this is dependent on DNA conformation. As a result, the enhanceosome also recruits non histone architectural transcription factors, called high-mobility group (HMG) proteins, which are responsible for regulating chromatin structure.^[3] These factors do not bind to the enhancer, but instead are used to restructure the DNA to ensure that the genes can be accessed by the transcription factors.

Role

Most enhanceosomes have been discovered pertaining to genes requiring tight regulation, like those associated with the cells defense system.

Examples

INF-β

The best known example of the enhanceosome acts on the