Ezriel Carlebach
Azriel Carlebach | |
---|---|
עזריאל קרליבך | |
Frederick William University of Berlin, University of Hamburg | |
Occupation(s) | Journalist and editorial writer |
Ezriel Carlebach (also Azriel; born Esriel Gotthelf Carlebach,
Biography
Ezriel Carlebach was born in the city of Leipzig, Germany, descendant of a family of rabbis. His parents were Gertrud Jakoby and Ephraim Carlebach (1879–1936), a rabbi and founder of Höhere Israelitische Schule in Leipzig. Ezriel had three sisters, Hanna, Rachel (Shemut) and Cilly, and two brothers, David and Joseph (Yotti).[1]
He studied at two
In 1927 he
On his way for a visit in Germany, Carlebach stopped in Warsaw, and visited Józef Grawicki, who encouraged him to write for Haynt in Yiddish. One of his articles explored the conflict between the Zionist Rabbi Abraham Kook and the anti-Zionist Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld in Jerusalem.
Carlebach's three uncles -
From 1929 Carlebach lived in Germany and studied at the
Carlebach died of a heart attack on February 12, 1956, at the age of 47. Thousands attended his funeral.[3]
Journalism career
Carlebach wrote for
Carlebach sent regular reports to Haynt, which later became the basis for a book.
In June 1931 a publishing house in Leipzig, Deutsche Buchwerkstätten, awarded him its novelist prize of the year, which he shared with Alexander von Keller. Carlebach's novel is set in the Jewish quarter of Jerusalem's old city.[5]
He also worked as a freelance journalist for newspapers such as the Hebrew Haaretz,[6] and starting in 1931 – under a permanent appointment – with the Hamburg-based Israelitisches Familienblatt.[7] This paper presented in its cultural insert music, performing and visual art by examples of creative works by Jewish artists. Four to five evenings of the week Carlebach went to the theatre and afterwards composed his reviews, dictating them – freely phrasing – to his assistant Ruth Heinsohn, who right away typed them.
In summer 1932 – again financed by Haynt – he travelled to the USSR, among others to Crimea and Birobidzhan, in order to give an account of Jewish life under communist reign. In his report ('Sowjetjudäa', In: Israelitisches Familienblatt and in Haynt[8]) he came to the conclusion that there were neither the possibilities nor an adequate milieu for a genuine Jewish life.
Albert Einstein occasionally brought the Sowjetjudäa series up for discussions, so that they had a much broader response than usual. Especially adversaries of Hitler, who relied on the USSR and who naïvely or willfully downplayed the crimes there, were incited to question their stance or to be angry with Carlebach. He assessed the broad controversy on the subject being a journalistic success.[9]
"The articles brought forth a flurry of anonymous threatening letters and a vile pamphlet attack upon him from Hamburg's 'Jewish Workers' Study Group.'"[10] The camouflage name of this group (in German: Arbeitsgemeinschaft jüdischer Werktätiger, Hamburg) aimed at rather disguising the harassing of Carlebach, the avowed Jew, by the Communist Youth Federation, section Hamburg.
On the night of January 3, 1933, the harassment culminated in an assassination attempt. A gunshot cut through his hat just luckily missing him.[11] Carlebach fell over, got concussed and lost consciousness. The police found him later senseless. Israelitisches Familienblatt offered a reward of 2,000 reichsmarks for the capture of the person who did it. By February he had recovered so far that he could resume his work for Israelitisches Familienblatt. Soon after he moved to Berlin.
Such experience notwithstanding he continued to attack Nazism. Earlier Carlebach had discovered that Joseph Goebbels, who so vehemently defamed Jews and their alleged detrimental influence, had studied with Jewish professors.
Right after the
On May 10, 1933, he incognito attended as an observer the central
Carlebach's series of articles, being the first inside story on the Nazis' takeover, appeared in Haynt and was republished in Forwerts (פֿאָרווערטס) in New York. In concert with the Zionist Jehoszua Gottlieb,[13] the folkist journalist Saul Stupnicki[14] (Chief editor of Lubliner Tugblat לובלינער טאָגבלאט) and others Carlebach organised in Poland a countrywide series of lectures named Literary Judgments on Germany. The German ambassador to Poland, Hans-Adolf von Moltke, attended the start lecture in Warsaw, sitting in the first line.
Carlebach was then permanently appointed at modest salary with Haynt, whose articles – like that one on 'The anti-Semitic International'[15] (of Nuremberg) reappeared in other newspapers such as Nowy Dziennik in Kraków, Chwila in Lwów, Di Yidishe Shtime (די יידישע שטימע) in Kaunas, Frimorgn (פֿרימאָרגן) in Riga and Forverts in New York.
Living in Polish exile he got onto the second list (March 29, 1934)[16] of Germans, which were arbitrarily officially denaturalised according to a new law, which also ensued the seizure of all his property in Germany.
In 1933 and 1934 Carlebach traveled for Haynt to report on the
Carlebach reported how the Upper Silesian Franz Bernheim succeeded to prompt the League of Nations (Bernheim petition [1]) to coerce Germany to abide by the German-Polish Accord on East Silesia. According to that treaty each contractual party guaranteed in its respective part of Upper Silesia equal civil rights for all the inhabitants. So in September 1933 the Reich's Nazi government suspended in Upper Silesia all anti-Semitic discriminations already imposed and excepted the province from all new such invidiousnesses to be decreed, until the Accord expired in May 1937.[18]
In 1935 Carlebach was appointed chief editor of daily Yidishe Post (יידישע פאָסט) in London. But he continued to cover travelling the rest of Europe, except of Germany. In Selbstwehr (Prague) Carlebach published a regular column Tagebuch der Woche (diary of the week). In April 1935 Carlebach called attention to Kurt Schuschnigg's anti-Semitic policy in Austria in an interview with the Federal Chancellor. He adopted an increasingly sharper tone in relation to non-Zionists, whose intentions to stay in Europe, he regarded negligent in view of the development.[19] From 1936 on British policy on Palestine (Peel Commission) stood at the centre of Carlebach's editing.
In 1937 Carlebach immigrated to Palestine under an appointment as foreign correspondent of Yidishe Post. In the same year he became a journalist at the newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth, afterwards becoming its editor. In early 1939 Carlebach travelled again to Warsaw, meeting with friends there – not knowingly to see many of them for the last time.
In 1948, while chief editor of Yedioth Ahronoth, a disagreement broke out between Carlebach and Yehuda Mozes, owner of the paper. Carlebach and several senior journalists left Yedioth Ahronoth and founded a new newspaper, Yedioth Ma'ariv, which first appeared on February 15, 1948, with Carlebach as its chief editor. After several months, the paper's name was changed to Ma'ariv, to avoid confusion between it and Yedioth Ahronoth.
Ezriel Carlebach edited the Ma'ariv newspaper from its founding until his death in 1956. While he was editor, Ma'ariv became the most widely read newspaper in the country. He is regarded as one of the great journalists of his period.
Views and opinions
Carlebach and his paper opposed the Zionist Socialist party government and its head,
In 1952 after president Chaim Weizmann’s death Carlebach suggested Albert Einstein in a telegram to become Israel's president. Einstein felt honoured but refused, as he told Carlebach in a letter dated November 21, 1952, written in German.
Carlebach deprecated musical censorship as it was demanded by the Israeli government on the occasion of Jascha Heifetz' tour in Israel: "The education minister, Professor Dinur, requested that no Strauss be played. And the justice minister, Dr. Rosen, seconded that request (despite his different personal views on the identification of an artist with his art). … And he sent that request by special messenger … to Jascha Heifetz in Haifa a short time before the concert. Yet Jascha Heifetz received the request from two ministers of Israel, shoved it into his pocket, said whatever he said about opposing musical censorship – and refused to comply. He played Strauss in Haifa, and afterwards in Tel Aviv as well."[20]
Carlebach was sympathetic towards conciliation between Jewish and Arab Israelis.[21] Under his pseudonym Rav Ipkha Mistabra he published a series of essays and editorials, in Yedioth Ahronoth, Ma'ariv or in Ner, the journal of the Brit Shalom movement (Engl. lit. Covenant of Peace). By and large, however, Carlebach remained skeptic in how far an understanding with avowed representatives of Islam were possible.[22]
Carlebach criticised, that after the verdict of
In 1954, Carlebach spent a three-week trip in India. "During this visit he met with Nehru and other leaders of the state and the Congress Party."[24] His book about the trip, India: Account of a Voyage,[25] long the only Hebrew book on India, was published in 1956 and became an instant best-seller, appearing in several editions in the years after its initial appearance.
Tommy Lapid recalls, Carlebach "shut himself up in the Dan Hotel and from there he sent us his typewritten pages, ready for the printing press. I was his very young secretary, and I watched, with thirst and surprise, the birth of the book. Carlebach was driven to write the book by a powerful inner force, in a creative endeavour that was almost compulsive. Two months later he was dead, at 48. He left a widow, a daughter, and an orphaned newspaper, and this book – a creative outburst of the greatest journalist who wrote in Hebrew."[26]
Especially for his publications issued under the pseudonym Ipkha Mistabra, he is considered to be one of the most talented and influential authors of editorials in Hebrew journalism.[12] The Tel Aviv street where the offices of Ma'ariv are located was renamed after Carlebach, as is the Tel Aviv Red Line (and future Green Line) large underground light rail station located nearby.
See also
- Media in Israel
References
- ISBN 3-926174-99-4, p. 152 (German)
- ^ Esriel Carlebach, 'Das Städtchen (Telschi)', In: Menorah; Jg. 5, Heft 2 (Februar 1927), pp. 105–108 as well as 'Telschi. I. Die Jeschiwah', 4 parts, In: Menorah; Jg. 4, Heft 1 (Januar 1926), pp. 37–44 (= part 1), Heft 2 (Februar 1926), pp. 112–116 (= part 2), Heft 4 (April 1926), pp. 231–35 (= part 3) und Heft 12 (Dezember 1926), pp. 692–694 (= part 4), all available on http://compactmemory.de
- ^ Cf. Un écho d'Israel, article 6939
- ^ Esriel Carlebach, Exotische Juden. Berichte und Studien (Exotic Jews. Reports and Studies), Welt-Verlag. Berlin 1932, 246 pp. Also translated into Swedish (Esriel Carlebach, 'Judar i Sovjet', Ragna Aberstén-Schiratzki (trl.), In: Judisk tidskrift; vol. 7 (1933), pp. 41–47 and 84–90) and Hungarian: Esriel Carlebach, Exotikus zsidók. Élmények és beszámolók, Is Jehudi (trl.), Magyar Zsidók Pro Palesztina Szövetsége. Budapest 1942, (Javne Könyvek; 7), 114 p.
- ^ 'Literaturpreis für Esriel Carlebach', In: Die Neue Welt (Revue); Jg. 5, Nr. 159, 26. June 1931, p. 11
- Hayyim Nahman Bialik, cf. Ezriel Carlebach, 'ביאליק, עורך גלותי בין יהודים' (translit.: Bialik, Orekh Galuti bein Yehudim, Engl.: Bialik, a Diaspora-Author among Jews), In: Ha'Aretz, February 3, 1932, p. 3
- ^ Margaret Edelheim-Muehsam, 'The Jewish Press in Germany', in: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book I (1956), pp. 163–76
- ^ Ezriel Carlebach, 'וואָס האט איך געזען אין סאָוויעט־רוסלאנד: אײַנדריקן פון א רייזע' (Vos hat ikh gezen in Soviet Rusland: Ayndriken fun a reyze), In: Haynt, January 27, p. 6, February 10, p. 6, April 7, 1933, p. 6.
- ^ a b Ezriel Carlebach, 'Let Us Remind Ourselves Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine' ['לאָמיר זיך דערמאָנען' (Lomir zikh dermonen; letter to Chaim Finkelstein September/November 1955; Engl.], Mort Lipsitz (trl.), in: Chaim Finkelstein (פֿינקעלשטיין, חיים), Yiddish: הײַנט: א צײַטונג בײַ ײדן, תרס״ח־תרצ״ט (Haynt: a Tsaytung bay Yidn, 668–699, {1908–1939}), Farlag Y.L. Perets (פֿארלאג י.ל. פרץ), Tel Aviv-Yafo 1978, pp. 363–367, here p. 365.
- ^ Donald Lee Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, Louisiana State University Press. Baton Rouge c1980, p. 30.
- ^ Ruth Heinsohn (mar. Gerhold; *1911–2003*), Interview of December 13, 1999, recorded by Ulf Heinsohn (private oral history project)
- ^ a b Cf. Ezriel Carlebach entry in the Hebrew Wikipedia
- ^ His name is also spelt Jehoshua/Joszua/Yehoshua Got(t)li(e)b.
- ^ His name is also spelt Joel Szaul/Shaul Stupnicki/Stupnitski/Stupnitsky.
- ISBN 978-3-486-58480-6
- ISBN 3-598-10537-1
- ^ Haynt was a co-operative, which many a member rather regarded to be a political experiment, so that the emerging conflicts occasionally had paralysed the newspaper and brought it on the verge of bunkruptcy.
- ISBN 978-3-525-36988-3.
- ^ 'Warnung', In: Die Neue Welt (Revue); Jg. 9, Nr. 458, 26. April 1935, p. 3
- ^ Ezriel Carlebach, 'Manners of a Guest' ['מנירות אורח', In: Ma'ariv, April 13, 1953; Engl.], In: Na'ama Sheffi (נעמה שפי), The Ring of Myths: The Israelis, Wagner and the Nazis ['טבעת המיתוסים', first ed. 1999; Engl.], Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2001, p. 64. Omissions not in the original.
- ^ Ezriel Carlebach (under "איפכא מסתברא" pseudonym), 'זעקי ארץ אהובה' (Scream, beloved country!), in Ma'ariv, December 25, 1953
- ^ Ezriel Carlebach, 'You Can't Come To An Understanding' Archived 2012-07-19 at archive.today [Shortened version of an Essay published in Ma'ariv, 1955; Engl.], in: Outpost, Americans For a Safe Israel (ed.), New York, vol. 10, No. 2 (February 2002).
- ISBN 0-9646886-3-8
- ^ Shalom Goldman and Laurie Patton, 'Indian Love Call: Israelis, Orthodoxy, and Indian Culture', In: Judaism, Summer, 2001, p. 7.
- ^ Ezriel Carlebach, הודו: יומן דרכים (Hodo: Yoman Drakhim; 1st ed. הוצאת עיינות, Tel Aviv 1956), ספרית מעריב. Tel Aviv-Yafo 1986
- ^ Tommy Lapid, 'Introduction' to Ezriel Carlebach, הודו: יומן דרכים (Hodo: Yoman Drakhim; 1st ed. הוצאת עיינות, Tel Aviv 1956), ספרית מעריב. Tel Aviv-Yafo 1986, p. 12, here quoted according to the translation in Shalom Goldman and Laurie Patton, 'Indian Love Call: Israelis, Orthodoxy, and Indian Culture', In: Judaism, Summer, 2001, p. 7.
External links
- Esriel Carlebach, 'Telschi. I. Die Jeschiwah': 4 parts (part 1), In: Menorah; vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1926), pp. 37–44. (1926, German)
- Esriel Carlebach, 'Telschi. I. Die Jeschiwah': 4 parts (part 2), In: Menorah; vol. 4, No. 2 (February 1926), pp. 112–116. (1926, German)
- Esriel Carlebach, 'Telschi. I. Die Jeschiwah': 4 parts (part 3), In: Menorah; vol. 4, No. 4 (April 1926), pp. 231–235. (1926, German)
- Esriel Carlebach, 'Telschi. I. Die Jeschiwah': 4 parts (part 4), In: Menorah; vol. 4, No. 12 (December 1926), pp. 692–694. (1926, German)
- Esriel Carlebach, 'Das Städtchen (Telschi)', In: Menorah; vol. 5, No. 2 (February 1927), pp. 105–108. (1927, German)
- Ezriel Carlebach’s telegram to Einstein (1952, English)
- Albert Einstein’s letter to Carlebach (1952, German)
- Esriel Carlebach (under pseudonym "איפכא מסתברא" Ipcha Mistabra), 'זעקי ארץ אהובה' ('Cry, The Beloved Country!'), In: Ma'ariv, December 25, 1953. Archived June 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (1953, Hebrew)
- Ezriel Carlebach, 'Schrei auf, geliebtes Land!' ('זעקי ארץ אהובה', (under pseudonym "איפכא מסתברא"), In: Ma'ariv, 25. Dezember 1953; dt.), Ruth Rürup (trl.), in: Babylon. Beiträge zur jüdischen Gegenwart; vol. 3, No. 4 (1988), pp. 111–118 ISBN 3-8015-0228-7(1953, download of the German translation)
- Ezriel Carlebach, 'You Can't Come To An Understanding' (Shortened version of an essay on the Jewish-Israeli relationship with Muslims, published in Ma'ariv, 1955; Engl.), in: Outpost, Americans For a Safe Israel (ed.), New York, vol. 10, No. 2 (February 2002). (1955, English translation)
- Ezriel Carlebach, 'לאָמיר זיך דערמאָנען' (Lomir zikh dermonen; letter to Chaim Finkelstein September/November 1955), in: Chaim Finkelstein (חיים פֿינקעלשטיין), Yiddish: הײַנט: א צײַטונג בײַ ײדן, תרס״ח־תרצ״ט (Haynt: a Tsaytung bay Yidn, 668–699, {1908–1939}), Tel-Aviv: פֿארלאג י.ל. פרץ (Farlag Y.L. Perets), 1978, pp. 363–367. (1955, Download of the Yiddish Original named Part 2, p.356-367 in the left column, within the pdf-file from p. 363 on)
- Ezriel Carlebach, “Let Us Remind Ourselves” ('לאָמיר זיך דערמאָנען' {Lomir zikh dermonen; letter to Chaim Finkelstein, September/November 1955}), Mort Lipsitz (trl.), in: Chaim Finkelstein (חיים פֿינקעלשטיין), Yiddish: הײַנט: א צײַטונג בײַ ײדן, תרס״ח־תרצ״ט (Haynt: a Tsaytung bay Yidn, 668–699, {1908–1939}), Tel-Aviv: פֿארלאג י.ל. פרץ (Farlag Y.L. Perets), 1978, pp. 363–367. (1955, English translation)
- Shalom Rosenfeld, 'Recollections of Ezriel Carlebach and the Founding of 'Ma'ariv' ', in: Kesher קשר; No. 30, May 2002 (2002, English)
- Mordecai Naor, 'The Great 'Putsch' in Israel's Press History', in: Kesher קשר; No. 33, May 2003 (2003, English, article on Carlebach's putsch at Yedi'ot Akharonot)