FUNCINPEC
National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia រណសិរ្សបង្រួបបង្រួមជាតិដើម្បីកម្ពុជាឯករាជ្យ អព្យាក្រិត សន្តិភាព និងសហប្រតិបត្តិការ | ||
---|---|---|
National Assembly 5 / 125 | ||
Commune chiefs | 0 / 1,652 | |
Commune councillors | 19 / 11,622 | |
Local government[3] | 33 / 4,114 | |
Party flag | ||
Website | ||
funcinpecparty.info (archived) | ||
The National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia,[a] commonly referred to as FUNCINPEC,[b] is a royalist political party in Cambodia. Founded in 1981 by Norodom Sihanouk, it began as a resistance movement against the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) government. In 1982, it formed a resistance pact with the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK), together with the Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) and the Khmer Rouge. It became a political party in 1992.
FUNCINPEC was one of the signatories of the
In July 1997,
FUNCINPEC saw its share of voters and seats in the national assembly drop over the general elections of 2003, 2008 and 2013, with the party failing to win a single seat in the
Name
"FUNCINPEC" is a French acronym for "Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendant, neutre, pacifique, et coopératif", which translates as "National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia" in English.[5] It is commonly known by its acronym, used in the form of a word.[6]
History
1980s
On 21 March 1981, Sihanouk founded FUNCINPEC, a royalist resistance movement, from
In September 1982, Armee Nationale Sihanoukiste (ANS) was formed by the merger of several pro-FUNCINPEC resistance armies, including MOULINAKA.[12] Ties between FUNCINPEC with the KPNLF and Khmer Rouge remained tenuous. On the one hand, Son Sann publicly criticised Sihanouk on several occasions, while on the other hand, the Khmer Rouge army periodically attacked the ANS, prompting Sihanouk in threatening to quit as CGDK's president on at least two occasions in June 1983[13] and July 1985.[14] In December 1987, Sihanouk met with the Prime Minister of the PRK government, Hun Sen in France.[15] The following year in July 1988, the first informal meeting was held in Jakarta, Indonesia between the four warring Cambodian factions consisting of FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge, KPNLF and the PRK government. The meetings were held with a view to end the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, and two additional meetings were later held which became known as the Jakarta Informal Meetings (JIM).[16]
In August 1989, Sihanouk stepped down as the President of FUNCINPEC and was succeeded by
1993 elections
Ranariddh was elected as FUNCINPEC's president in February 1992.
FUNCINPEC had 400,000 members[31] by the time UNTAC allowed political parties to start election campaigns on 7 April 1993.[32] They campaigned on the party's historical relations with Sihanouk[33] as well as Ranariddh's blood ties to his father. Party supporters wore yellow T-shirts depicting Sihanouk,[34] and made rallying calls that "a vote for FUNCINPEC was a vote for Sihanouk".[35] Sihanouk remained popular with the majority of the Cambodian electorate,[33] and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), the successor party to the PRK and SOC governments, was aware of such voter sentiments. In their editorials, the CPP emphasised their efforts to bring about Sihanouk's return to the country in 1991, as well as policy parallels between the CPP and the Sangkum, the political organisation which Sihanouk had led in the 1950s and 1960s.[36]
Voting was carried out between 23 and 28 May 1993
On 10 June 1993, Chakrapong led a secession movement and threatened to form a breakaway state consisting of seven eastern Cambodian provinces. Chakrapong had by then joined the CPP was supported by the interior minister, General Sin Song
Ranariddh's co-premiership
The new government shrunk the number of cabinet portfolios to 23, equally divided between FUNCINPEC and CPP. Each took eleven ministries under their charge while the BLDP was allocated one cabinet post.
In October 1995, Sirivudh talked about his desire to assassinate Hun Sen during an interview with So Naro, who was the secretary-general of the Khmer Journalists Association.[56] A few days later Ung Phan, a FUNCINPEC minister who had close ties with Hun Sen,[57] called Sirivudh and accused him of getting involved in receiving kickbacks for printing Cambodian passports. Sirivudh angrily denied the accusations and threatened to kill Hun Sen over the phone. The phone conversation was recorded, and Ung Phan passed the recorded phone conversation to CPP co-minister of the interior Sar Kheng. Hun Sen learnt of the conversation and became enraged at Sirivudh's comments,[56] and pressured Ranariddh and other FUNCINPEC ministers to strip his parliamentary immunity so that he could be arrested. Sirivudh was arrested and briefly placed in detention, but subsequently exiled to France when Sihanouk intervened in the case.[58]
The following January, FUNCINPEC held a closed-door seminar at Sihanoukville, attended by selected party members close to Ranariddh. The attendees expressed concern of CPP's attempts to dominate over FUNCINPEC, and a resolution was adopted to build up the military strength of pro-FUNCINPEC forces within the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF).[59] At the same time, party members had become increasingly resentful at Ranariddh for not getting party posts despite campaigning for the party in the 1993 elections.[60] When the party congress was held on 22 March 1996, Ranariddh criticized the CPP, complaining over a range of issues that ranged from delays in allocating local government posts to FUNCINPEC officials, to the lack of executive authority of FUNCINPEC cabinet ministers vis-a-vis their CPP counterparts. Ranariddh threatened to dissolve the National Assembly and hold elections, should FUNCINPEC's concerns be ignored.[61] Subsequently, the CPP issue an official statement to protest Ranariddh's criticisms.[62]
Hun Sen developed a belligerent attitude toward Ranariddh and FUNCINPEC, calling him a "real dog" at a CPP party meeting in June 1996.
On 14 April 1997, Ung Phan announced that he and twelve other FUNCINPEC MPs had decided to break away from the party. Hun Sen applauded the move, pledging support for any initiative within the party to oust Ranariddh as its president.[65] Subsequently, FUNCINPEC's steering committee quickly moved to woo back the defecting MPs, successfully getting back eight of them.[69] At the same time, they expelled the five remaining MPs who refused to comply, including Ung Phan.[70] Subsequently, on 1 June 1997, the renegade MPs convened a rival party congress dubbed as "FUNCINPEC II",[71] which was attended by 800 people. At the congress, the attendees voted for Toan Chhay, the governor of Siem Reap province, as its new president. At the same time, the attendees accused Ranariddh of gross incompetence, who in return declared the congress as illegal and accused the CPP of interfering in the party's affairs.[65]
Ranariddh's ouster and 1998 elections
On 5 July 1997, RCAF troops separately aligned to CPP and FUNCINPEC
Shortly after Ung Huot's appointment, Toan Chhay who had proclaimed himself as the president of the FUNCINPEC at a rival congress in June 1997, jockeyed for control over the party leadership with Nady Tan, another FUNCINPEC leader
In early March 1998, a military court convicted Ranariddh guilty of smuggling weapons and causing instability to the country, sentencing him to a total of 35 years of imprisonment. After ASEAN and the European Union stepped in to condemn the sentences, Ranariddh was pardoned of all charges, allowing him to return to Cambodia on 30 March 1998 to prepare for the general elections scheduled to be held in July 1998,[80] allowing Ranariddh to spearhead FUNCINPEC's election campaign.[81] When campaigning for started in late June 1998,[82] FUNCINPEC focused on pro-monarchial sentiments, improving living standards[83] and anti-Vietnamese rhetoric.[84] The party faced numerous obstacles, including loss of access to television and radio channels which had come under CPP's exclusive control following the 1997 clashes,[80] and the difficulties of its supporters in getting to party rallies.[84] When the results were announced on 5 August 1998, FUNCINPEC secured 31.7% of all valid votes, which translates to 43 seats in the National Assembly, lagging behind the CPP which polled 41.4% of the votes and secured 64 seats.[85]
As the CPP required a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly to form a government, it offered FUNCINPEC and the
Continued co-operation with CPP and Ranariddh's sacking
After becoming the President of the National Assembly, Ranariddh supported the creation of the
When the commune elections were held in February 2002, FUNCINPEC performed poorly, winning control over 10 out of a total of 1,621 communes across Cambodia.[94] Subsequently, rifts within the party boiled into the open as Khan Savoeun, a Deputy Commander-in-chief of the RCAF, accused its co-Minister of the Interior, You Hockry of practising nepotism and corruption. At the same time, Hang Dara[91] and Norodom Chakrapong – the latter had returned to FUNCINPEC in March 1999[95] – formed their own splinter parties and took along a large number of FUNCINPEC party members. A year later in July 2003, The general elections were held, and took 20.8% of the votes,[96] which entitled them to 26 seats in the National Assembly.[97] While the CPP won the election, it still lacked the constitutional requirement of having a two-thirds majority on its own in forming a new government without the support of other coalition partners.[96]
Subsequently, in August 2003, Ranariddh and Rainsy joined hands once again, forming a political alliance known as the "Alliance of Democrats". While the AD agreed to the idea of a coalition government between the CPP, FUNCINPEC and Rainsy's SRP, they also called for Hun Sen to step down as Prime Minister,[98] and reforming the NEC, which the AD claimed that it was filled with CPP's appointees.[96] Hun Sen balked at accepting AD's demands, leading to several months of political stalemate. During this time, several party activists from FUNCINPEC and SRP were killed, purportedly by henchmen linked to the CPP. At the same time, several FUNCINPEC officials have obtained loans from CPP-linked businessmen which they had used for financing their own election campaigns. These officials lobbied Ranariddh into accepting the idea of a CPP-FUNCINPEC coalition government so as to secure government positions and repay their loans.[99]
Ranariddh eventually acceded in June 2004, walking out of his political alliance with Rainsy and agreed to the idea of a CPP-FUNCINPEC coalition government with Hun Sen remaining in his position as Prime Minister. At the same time, Hun Sen coaxed Ranariddh into supporting a constitutional amendment known as a "package vote", which required MPs to support legislation and ministerial appointments by an open show of hands. While Ranariddh acquiesced to Hun Sen's demand, the "package vote" amendment was opposed by the SRP, Sihanouk[100] and CPP President Chea Sim. Ranariddh's decision to join hands with the CPP was criticised by many FUNCINPEC leaders such as Mu Sochua, subsequently leading to their resignation from the party.[101] On 2 March 2006, the National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment which required only a simple majority of parliamentarians to support a government, instead of the two-thirds majority that was previously stipulated.[102] After the amendment was passed, Hun Sen abruptly fired Norodom Sirivudh and Nhek Bun Chhay, who were FUNCINPEC's co-minister of interior and co-minister of defense.[103] Ranariddh protested the dismissals, resigning as the President of the National Assembly and left Cambodia for France.[104]
After Ranariddh's departure, FUNCINPEC splintered into two camps – one camp by members loyal to Ranariddh, while another camp consisted of members that were allied to Nhek Bun Chhay, who by now had become the party's secretary-general and closely associated with Hun Sen. Hun Sen started attacking Ranariddh, accusing the latter of eloping[102] with Ouk Phalla, a former Apsara dancer in getting her own friends and family members into government posts.[105] At the same time, party leaders from both rival camps started quarreling publicly, with Serey Kosal, a FUNCINPEC minister seen to be allied to Ranariddh, accusing Nhek Bun Chhay of attempting to topple Ranariddh.[106] When an extraordinary congress was held on 18 October 2006, Ranariddh was dismissed as FUNCINPEC's president, who was in turn replaced by his brother-in-law, Keo Puth Rasmey.[107] Nhek Bun Chhay justified Ranariddh's ouster on the grounds of his deteriorating relations with Hun Sen as well as his practice of spending prolonged periods of time overseas.[108]
Interregnum years
On 9 November 2006, Nhek Bun Chhay filed a lawsuit accusing Ranariddh of pocketing $3.6 million from the sale of its headquarters to the French embassy in 2005.[109] Within days, Ranariddh returned to Cambodia, and announced the formation of the Norodom Ranariddh Party (NRP) which he positioned it as an opposition party vis-a-vis the CPP and FUNCINPEC.[110] In March 2007 Ranariddh, who feared the prospect of imprisonment from the embezzlement suit, left Cambodia. Subsequently, the Phnom Penh Municipal Court ruled in Nhek Bun Chhay's favour, ruling Ranariddh guilty and sentencing the latter to 18 months of imprisonment.[111] In October 2007, FUNCINPEC endorsed Norodom Arunrasmy, the wife of Keo Puth Rasmey, as the party's candidate for the post of Prime Minister in the general elections slated to be held in 2008. At the same time, Nhek Bun Chhay mooted the possibility of getting back Ranariddh into FUNCINPEC, fearing that the party might have lost its popularity following Ranariddh's ouster.[112]
When the general elections were held in July 2008, FUNCINPEC won 2 seats in the National Assembly as most of the party's supporters voted for the CPP, which won the elections and secured 90 seats in the National Assembly. As a result of its losses incurred in the general election,[113] the CPP took over ministerial positions which were formerly held by FUNCINPEC MPs since 2004, although it still allowed Nhek Bun Chhay to remain in his position as Deputy Prime Minister, while 32 senior party members were appointed as secretary-of-state and undersecretary-of-state positions.[114] In the next few months after the elections, the Phnom Penh Post reported that at least 10 percent of its members defected to the CPP, including its former ministers Pou Sothirak[115] and Sun Chhanthol.[116] In February 2009, FUNCINPEC signed an agreement with the NRP to cooperate for the commune council elections that was slated to take place in May 2009.[117] When the elections took place in that month, the FUNCINPEC-NRP alliance only secured less than 0.1% of all votes cast for the provincial, municipal and district-level seats.[118]
Both FUNCINPEC and NRP held tentative discussions on the possibility of a party merger in June 2009[119] and April 2010,[120] with both parties agreeing an electoral alliance in June 2010 as a first step toward an eventual merger.[121] In December 2010, Ranariddh publicly for FUNCINPEC and NRP to merge, suggesting that the new party borne out of the merger be named "FUNCINPEC 81", with "81" as a reference point to the year which Sihanouk founded FUNCINPEC in 1981. Sihanouk quickly distanced himself from any association with the party, and posted a website on his website iterating his unequivocal support for Hun Sen and the CPP government. In response, Ranariddh pledged that he would similarly support Hun Sen should the party merger be realised. Nhek Bun Chhay balked at Ranariddh's suggestion, saying that the party merger would cause "difficulties" with the party's continued partnership with the CPP,[122] while the party issued an official statement rejecting Ranariddh's proposal.[123]
In April 2011, Nhek Bun Chhay was elected as the party's president, replacing Keo Puth Rasmey who in turn was appointed the party's chairperson.[124] Thirteen months later, Nhek Bun Chhay and Ranariddh signed an agreement to merge NRP into FUNCINPEC, which provided for Ranariddh to become FUNCINPEC's president with Nhek Bun Chhay as his deputy. The agreement was brokered by Hun Sen, who wanted both parties to reunite.[125] The merger agreement fell apart as Nhek Bun Chhay and Ranariddh accused each other of thinking about supporting other opposition parties.[126] Subsequently, in March 2013, Nhek Bun Chhay was succeeded by Norodom Arunrasmy as the party's president, who in turn resumed his former role as the party's secretary-general.[127] When general elections were held in July 2013, FUNCINPEC suffered defeat as it lost its remaining two seats which it held in the National Assembly. In turn, Nhek Bun Chhay relinquished his Deputy Prime Minister position and was made a government adviser,[128] although the CPP-led government appointed 28 FUNCINPEC members as undersecretaries of state.[129]
Ranariddh's return
In early January 2015, Ranariddh expressed his intent to return to FUNCINPEC.[130] At the party congress held on 19 January 2015, Ranariddh was reappointed as FUNCINPEC president, succeeding Arunrasmy who was appointed as its first vice-president, while Nhek Bun Chhay was appointed as second vice-president.[131] Rifts between Nhek Bun Chhay and Ranariddh quickly surfaced as the both of them sparred with each other over the right to use the party stamp[132] and the appointment of Say Hak as the party's secretary general.[133] Ranariddh eventually gained the upper hand, and Say Hak's appointment was reaffirmed at another party congress held in March 2015. He also managed to convince party delegates present at the congress to adopt a new party logo.[134] At the same time, Ranariddh appointed four more vice-presidents to the party's executive committee, namely You Hockry, Por Bun Sreu, Nuth Sokhom and Nhep Bun Chin.[135]
In July 2015, FUNCINPEC announced the formation of the Cambodian Royalist Youth Movement, a youth organisation aimed at garnering electoral support for the party from younger voters.[136] Meanwhile, tension persisted between Nhek Bun Chhay and Ranariddh, which erupted into a public spat, as Ranariddh threatened to expelled Nhek Bun Chhay who in turn, accused the party president of holding a grudge against him.[137] Subsequently, on 3 February 2016, Nhek Bun Chhay announced that he was quitting the party, and went on to form his new party, the Khmer National United Party (KNUP). The KNUP adopted a logo which was similar to a former logo of FUNCINPEC, featuring the Cambodian Independence Monument.[138] The secretary-general, Say Hak accepted Nhek Bun Chhay's resignation, while at the same time challenged KNUP's use of its new logo[139] as he lodged a successful complaint with the interior ministry.[140]
FUNCINPEC declared on 1 June 2017 that it is open to legalizing same-sex marriage.[141] The party came runners-up to the Cambodian People's Party in the 2018 general election but did not win any seats in a vote described by multiple observers as a "formality".[142]
Military
FUNCINPEC had its own military forces, which was first known as the Armee Nationale Sihanoukiste (ANS) when it was formed on 4 September 1982.[12] The ANS was an amalgamation of several armed resistance movements that have pledged alliances with Sihanouk. They consisted of MOULINAKA, Kleang Moeung, Oddar Tus and Khmer Angkor, giving the ANS a combined strength of 7,000 troops.[143] In Tam, a former Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic, was appointed as the Commander-in-chief of the ANS in its founding year. In the initial years of after its formation, the ANS received weapons and equipment from China, as well as medical supplies and combat training for its troops from Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand.[144] At the same time, the ANS regularly faced attacks from the Khmer Rouge forces until 1987, suffering heavy casualties as a result.[145]
In March 1985, Sihanouk appointed one of his sons, Norodom Chakrapong as the deputy chief-of-staff of ANS.[13] The following January, Sihanouk appointed another son, Norodom Ranariddh as the ANS chief-of-staff. Ranariddh was also made the Commander-in-chief of the ANS, replacing In Tam.[146] When the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1991, the ANS had a total of 17,500 troops under its command,[147] although it was reduced to 14,000 after the UNTAC attempted a demobilisation exercise that lasted between May and September 1992.[148] In 1993, the ANS was amalgamated into the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), together with the Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF) and KPNLF armed forces, under UNTAC supervision.[47] Troops from each of the three armies retained respective factional loyalties to their former resistance affiliations.[149] The ex-ANS troops came under the command of General Nhek Bun Chhay,[150] who served as the deputy chief of staff for the RCAF between 1993 and 1997.[151]
In the years between 1993 till 1996, the Cambodian defence ministry attempted to integrate the different factions together, but were unsuccessful.[152] In a dossier written by Nhek Bun Chhay around mid-1997, there were 80,800 pro-FUNCINPEC troops, which were divided into 11 battalions across the country. Nhek also express concern of the inferior troop strength of the pro-FUNCINPEC forces, as they were slightly outnumbered compared to 90,000 pro-CPP troops.[153] In November 1996, armed skirmishes occurred between RCAF troops separately aligned to CPP and FUNCINPEC, after a pro-CPP general, Keo Pong accused a pro-FUNCINPEC general, Serey Kosal of attempting to kill him, who in turn accused Keo Pong of recruiting Khmer Rouge defectors into his ranks. More armed skirmishes broke out until February 1997, leaving 14 pro-CPP and 2 pro-FUNCINPEC troops wounded.[154] Subsequently, Ke Kim Yan, the chief-of-staff of the RCAF stepped in to meditate the conflict, and a directive was issued to prohibit movement of troops without the explicit permission of the government.[155] In late March 1997, the two co-defense ministers, Tea Banh of the CPP and Tea Chamrath of FUNCINPEC, together with Ke Kim Yan and Nhek Bun Chhay formed a bipartisan defence committee was formed to prevent the RCAF from getting embroiled into the political conflict between Ranariddh and Hun Sen.[155]
While the defence committee formed, the Cambodian media reported continued unusual troop movements
In subsequent days after the clashes, pro-CPP troops continued their military offensives against pro-FUNCINPEC troops in the northwestern parts of Cambodia, which controlled the towns of
List of party presidents
No. | Image | Name (birth-death) |
Term of office |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Norodom Sihanouk (1922–2012) |
1981–1989 | |
2 | Nhiek Tioulong (1908–1996) |
1989–1992 | |
3 | Norodom Ranariddh (1944–2021) |
1992–2006 | |
4 | Keo Puth Rasmey (1952–) |
2006–2011 | |
5 | Nhek Bun Chhay (1956–) |
2011–2013 | |
6 | Norodom Arunrasmy (1955–) |
2013–2015 | |
(3) | Norodom Ranariddh (1944–2021) |
2015–2021[c] | |
– | Norodom Chakravuth (1970–) |
2021 | |
7 | 2021–present |
Select election results
General
Election | Leader | Votes | Seats | Position | Government | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | ± | # | ± | ||||
1993[168] | Norodom Ranariddh | 1,824,188 | 45.5 | New | 58 / 120
|
New | 1st | FUNCINPEC–CPP–BLDP |
1998[169] | 1,554,405 | 31.7 | 13.8 | 43 / 122
|
15 | 2nd | CPP–FUNCINPEC | |
2003[170] | 1,072,313 | 20.7 | 11.0 | 26 / 123
|
17 | 2nd | CPP–FUNCINPEC | |
2008[171] | Keo Puth Rasmey | 303,764 | 5.0 | 15.7 | 2 / 123
|
24 | 5th | CPP–FUNCINPEC |
2013[172] | Norodom Arunrasmy | 242,413 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 0 / 123
|
2 | 3rd | CPP |
2018[173] | Norodom Ranariddh | 374,510 | 5.9 | 2.2 | 0 / 125
|
2nd | CPP | |
2023[174] | Norodom Chakravuth | 716,443 | 9.2 | 3.3 | 5 / 125
|
5 | 2nd | CPP |
Communal
Election | Leader | Votes | Chiefs | Councillors | Position | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | ± | # | ± | # | ± | |||
2002[175] | Norodom Ranariddh | 955,200 | 22.0 | New | 10 / 1,621
|
New | 2,194 / 11,261
|
New | 2nd |
2007[176] | Keo Puth Rasmey | 277,545 | 5.4 | 16.6 | 2 / 1,621
|
8 | 274 / 11,353
|
1,920 | 3rd |
2012[177] | Nhek Bun Chhay | 222,663 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 1 / 1,633
|
1 | 151 / 11,459
|
123 | 4th |
2017[178] | Norodom Ranariddh | 132,319 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0 / 1,646
|
1 | 28 / 11,572
|
123 | 3rd |
2022 | Norodom Chakravuth | 91,798 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0 / 1,652
|
19 / 11,622
|
9 | 3rd |
Senatorial
Election | Votes | Seats | Position | Outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | ± | # | ± | |||
2006[179] | 2,320 | 20.4 | — | 10 / 61
|
11 | 2nd | Minority |
2012[180] | 0 | 0.0 | 20.4 | 0 / 61
|
10 | — | Not represented |
2018[181] | 276 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2 / 62
|
2 | 2nd | Minority |
See also
References
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- ^ Peou (2000), p. 343
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- ^ "Election 2018".
- ^ Khmer: រណសិរ្សបង្រួបបង្រួមជាតិដើម្បីកម្ពុជាឯករាជ្យ អព្យាក្រិត សន្តិភាព និងសហប្រតិបត្តិការ; French: Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendant, neutre, pacifique et coopératif
- ^ /ˈfʊnsɪnpɛk/; Khmer: ហ្វ៊ុនស៊ិនប៉ិច, Hvŭnsĭnpĕch [funsinpec]; French: [fœ̃nsinpɛk]
- ^ died in office
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