Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba
Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo 4th Duke of Alba GE | |
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Born | Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán 21 November 1537 |
Died | 11 December 1585 Alba de Tormes, Spain | (aged 48)
Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán, 4th Duke of Alba,
Biography
He was the first legitimate son of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, and he became the fourth Duke after his father's death.[3] His titles included Duke of Huéscar,[4] Marquis of Coria[4] and Comendador Mayor in the Order of Calatrava.[5]
Don Fadrique was commander of the Spanish troops during the most bloody phase of the war in the Netherlands. He was in charge of the Spanish troops that slaughtered the populations of Mechelen,[6] Zutphen and Naarden,[7] as well as during the costly Siege of Haarlem.[8] In Mechelen, his troops were allowed to pillage, loot and destroy for three days.[6] These and other pillages were later known in Europe as the Spanish Fury.
His army failed in the siege of Alkmaar, and he had to retreat.[9] His father the Duke did not approve, he was afraid of his son's reputation that was already not good with Philip II of Spain, their King.
After two short marriages, in 1555 to Guiomar de Aragón (died 1557), daughter of
Fadrique had no surviving children from his marriage with María de Toledo, and was succeeded by his nephew Antonio Álvarez de Toledo.
Don Fadrique's health had deteriorated after 1573. He was Duke between 11 December 1582 and 11 December 1583.
Ancestry
8. Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo 2nd Duke of Alba | |||||||||||||||
4. García de Toledo | |||||||||||||||
9. Isabel de Zúñiga y Pimentel | |||||||||||||||
2. Fernando Álvarez de Toledo 3rd Duke of Alba | |||||||||||||||
10. Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel Duke of Benavente | |||||||||||||||
5. Beatriz Pimentel | |||||||||||||||
11. María Pacheco Lady of Villacidaler | |||||||||||||||
1. Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo | |||||||||||||||
12. Enrique Enríquez | |||||||||||||||
6. Diego Enríquez de Guzmán 3rd Count of Alba de Liste | |||||||||||||||
13. Teresa Enríquez Lady of Villada | |||||||||||||||
3. María Enríquez de Toledo | |||||||||||||||
14. Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo 2nd Duke of Alba | |||||||||||||||
7. Leonor Álvarez de Toledo | |||||||||||||||
15. Isabel de Zúñiga y Pimentel | |||||||||||||||
References
- ISBN 978-84-8479-058-7. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Salazar, Julián de Pinedo y (1787). Historia de la insigne Orden del Toyson de Oro, dedicada al Rey Nuestro SeÆnor, xefe soberano, y gran maestre de ellà (in Spanish). Impr. Real. p. 276. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo Enríquez | Real Academia de la Historia". dbe.rah.es.
- ^ a b d'Avila, Thérèse (1852). Obras de Santa Teresa de Jesus: comprende ciento ocho cartas de la Santa sobre diferentes asuntos, con notas del R. P. Fr. Antonio de san José, religioso Carmelita descalzo (in Spanish). D. Nicolas De Castro Palomino. p. 41. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Vázquez, Miguel Muñoz (1963). Historia de El Carpio (in Spanish). Tip. Artística. p. 186. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ a b Lafuente, Modesto (1854). Historia general de España (in Spanish). Establecimiento Tipográfico de Mellado. p. 386. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-1-137-44271-0. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Allan, Francis (1877). Geschiedenis en beschrijving van Haarlem: van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen (in Dutch). J. J. van Brederode. p. 74. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Alkmaar". dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
External links
- Media related to Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba at Wikimedia Commons