Fire-setting
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (April 2009) |
Fire-setting is a method of
Although fire-setting was frequently used before
History
The oldest traces of this method in Europe were found in southern
to name a few.As for antique written sources, fire-setting is first described by
Pliny also says that the method was used both in opencast and deep mining. This is confirmed by remains found at the Roman
Fire-setting was used extensively during opencast mining, and is also described by Pliny in connection with the use of another mining technique known as hushing. Aqueducts were built to supply copious amounts of water to the minehead, where they were used to fill tanks and cisterns. The water was unleashed to scour the hillside below, both soil in the case of prospecting for metal veins, and then rock debris after a vein had been found. Fire-setting was used to break up the hard rocks of the vein and the surrounding barren rock, and was much safer to use in above ground workings since the smoke and fumes could dissipate more easily than in a confined space underground. Pliny also describes undermining methods that were used to facilitate the removal of hard rocks, and probably softer alluvial deposits as well.[9]
Medieval Europe
The method continued in use in the medieval period, and is described by
In later times, a fire at the base of a shaft was used to create an updraught, but just like fire-setting, it was a hazardous and dangerous procedure, especially in
The method continued in use for many years afterwards until finally made redundant by the use of
See also
References
- ^ Craddock, P: Bronze Age Mining in the British Isles. In: H. Steuer & U. Zimmermann (eds.) Montanarchäologie in Europa. Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen, 1993.
- ^ Rieser, B: Urgeschichtlicher Kupferbergbau im Raum Schwaz-Brixlegg. Eine Untersuchung urgeschichtlicher Bergbauspuren und Werkzeugfunde — mit Experimenten. Ph.D. thesis, Universität Innsbruck, 2000.
- ^ CNRS. p. 133.
- ^ Laidler, Colin; Sharp, W. E. (Winter 2000). "An Example of Fire Setting in West Africa". Mining History. 14 (4). Peak District Mines Historical Society: 56–58.
- ^ Ambert, P:Utilisation préhistorique de la technique minière d’abattage au feu dans le district cuprifère de Cabrières (Hérault). Comptes Rendus Palevol 1, 2002: 711-716.
- ^ Goldenberg, G: L'exploitation du cuivre dans les Alpes autrichiennes à l'Âge du Bronze. In: C. Mordant, M. Pernot & V. Rychner (eds.) L'Atelier du bronzier en Europe du XXe au VIIIe siècle avant notre ère. Actes du colloque international Bronze'96, Neuchâtel et Dijon. Tome II : Du minerai au métal, du métal à l'objet. CTHS, Paris, 1998.
- ^ Heiss, A.G. & K. Oeggl:Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17, 2008: 211-221. DOI 10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8
- ^ O’Brien, W: The Bronze Age copper mines of the Goleen area, Co Cork. Proc. R. Irish. Acad. 103, 2003:13–59
- ^ .
Further reading
- Healy, JF, Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology, Clarendon Press (1999).
- Oliver Davies, Roman Mines in Europe, Clarendon Press (Oxford), (1935).
- Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, The Dolaucothi gold mines, I: the surface evidence, The Antiquaries Journal, 49, no. 2 (1969): 244–72.
External links
- Fire-setting at Alderley edge copper mines (broken_link)
- Fire-setting in ancient Egyptian gold mines Archived 2013-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Fire-setting in ancient Indian mines (broken_link)