First Dynasty of Ur

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First Dynasty of Ur
(26th-25th century BCE)
Golden helmet of Meskalamdug, possible founder of the First Dynasty of Ur, circa 2500 BCE.
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Location of Ur, in Western Asia, modern Iraq.
Ur (Iraq)
Gold objects from tomb PG 580, Royal Cemetery at Ur.

The First Dynasty of Ur was a 26th-25th century BCE dynasty of rulers of the city of Ur in ancient Sumer.[1] It is part of the Early Dynastic period III of the history of Mesopotamia. It was preceded by the earlier First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk.[2]

Rule

According to the Sumerian King List, the final ruler of the First Dynasty of Uruk Lugal-kitun was overthrown by Mesannepada of Ur. There were then four kings in the First Dynasty of Ur: Mesannepada, Mes-kiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu.[3] Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely Mes-kalam-du and A-Kalam-du.[3] It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in Mari, and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.[3] A probable Queen Puabi is also known from her lavish tomb at the Royal Cemetery at Ur. The First Dynasty of Ur had extensive influence over the area of Sumer, and apparently led a union of south Mesopotamian polities.[3][4]

Ethnicity and language

Like other

Sumerians, the people of Ur were a non-Semitic people who may have come from the east circa 3300 BCE, and spoke a language isolate.[5][6]

International trade

Main articles:
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Royal Cemetery dating to the First Dynasty of Ur were probably imported from the Indus Valley. British Museum.[7]

The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as

Indus-Mesopotamia relations.[9] In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developed by the Harappans.[7] These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the workshops of Ur.[8]

Lapis lazuli was likely imported from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan.[8]

The Ur I dynasty had enormous wealth as shown by the lavishness of its tombs. This was probably due to the fact that Ur acted as the main harbour for trade with

Indus region, for trade.[4]

Demise

King at peace, with attendants, from the Standard of Ur.
King at war, with soldiers, from the Standard of Ur.
Royal Cemetery of Ur (items and positions in PG 789
), circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution).

According to the Sumerian King List, the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the Elamite Awan dynasty.[10] The Sumerian king Eannatum (c.2500–2400 BCE) of Lagash, then came to dominate the whole region, and established one of the first verifiable empires in history.[11]

The power of Ur would only revive a few centuries later with the Third Dynasty of Ur.[11][12]

List of rulers

Ruler Image Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Mentions
(A-Imdugud) ? c. 26th century BC Tomb inscriptions at the Royal Cemetery at Ur
(Ur-Pabilsag) ? c. 26th century BC Tomb inscriptions at the Royal Cemetery at Ur
(Meskalamdug)
(Queen Puabi)		 ? c. 26th century BC Dynastic beads, tomb inscriptions at the Royal Cemetery at Ur
(Akalamdug) ? c. 26th century BC Dynastic beads, tomb inscriptions at the Royal Cemetery at Ur
Mesannepada 80 years c. 26th century BC
Tummal Chronicle
A'annepada "son of Mesh-Ane-pada" ? c. 26th century BC Dedication tablets with inscriptions
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna
Sumerian King List
Sumerian King List
 "son of Mesh-Ane-pada" 36 years
Tummal Chronicle
Elulu 25 years Sumerian King List
Balulu 36 years Sumerian King List
"Then Urim (Ur) was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

Sumerian King List

Only the final kings of the First Dynasty of Ur, from Mesannepada to Balulu and possibly 4 unnamed kings, are mentioned in the Sumerian King List:[13]

"...

Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna, son of Mesannepada, was king, 36 years he ruled; Elulu, 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to Awan was carried off.

— Sumerian King List, 137-147.[14]

Artifacts

Main article:
Royal Cemetery of Ur

The Royal Cemetery of Ur held the tombs of several rulers of the First Dynasty of Ur.[3] The tombs are particularly lavish, and testify to the wealth of the First Dynasty of Ur.[4] One of the most famous tombs is that of Queen Puabi.[4]

  • A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
    A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
  • Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi, housed at the British Museum
    Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi, housed at the British Museum
  • Queen's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery.
    Queen's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery.
  • Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb. Inscription 𒅤𒀀𒉿 𒊩𒌆Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".[15][16][17] The last word "𒊩𒌆" can either be pronounced Nin “lady”, or Eresh “queen”.[18]
    Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb. Inscription 𒅤𒀀𒉿 𒊩𒌆Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".[15][16][17] The last word "𒊩𒌆" can either be pronounced Nin “lady”, or Eresh “queen”.[18]
  • The Standard of Ur
    The Standard of Ur
  • Ram in a Thicket
    Ram in a Thicket
  • Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen Puabi's tomb. (British Museum)
    Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen Puabi's tomb. (British Museum)
  • Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE
    Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Dynasty of Ur.

References

  1. ISBN 9780521070515
    .
  2. ISBN 9781438126760
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 9781442690479
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 9780226144672
    .
  5. ISBN 9780191623325.. Mention of Gen 11:2
    "And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there." (English Standard Version)
  6. ISBN 9780802837813
    .
  7. ^ a b British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question
  8. ^ a b c British Museum notice "Grave goods from Ur"
  9. ISBN 9781576079072
    .
  10. ISBN 9781782395676
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 9781438126760
    .
  12. ISBN 9780534106454
    .
  13. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  14. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  15. ^ British Museum notice WA 121544
  16. ISBN 9781136219115
    .
  17. ISBN 9780924171550
    .
  18. ISBN 9781119025542
    .
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