Geoglossum
Geoglossum | |
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Geoglossum umbratile | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | |
Subdivision: | |
Class: | Geoglossomycetes |
Order: | Geoglossales |
Family: | |
Genus: | Geoglossum Pers. (1794) |
Type species | |
Geoglossum glabrum Pers. (1794)
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Synonyms[1] | |
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Geoglossum is a
Taxonomy
Geoglossum was described by
Modern systematic analysis is sparse, though recent
Description
The fruit bodies of Geoglossum species are usually club-shaped, with a surface that is dry to sticky or gelatinous (particular in wet weather), and brown to black. The hymenium (spore-bearing surface) is confined to the upper club-shaped part of the fruit body. Stipes are slender and cylindrical, with a surface texture ranging from smooth to squamulose (covered with tiny scales), or, in some instances, covered with tufts of tiny hairs. The asci are club-shaped, inoperculate (without a cap or lid), and usually contain eight ascospores. These spores are club-shaped to somewhat cylindrical to somewhat fusiform. Brown to hyaline in color, there are both septate and non-septate forms (or, in some species, a combination of the two). There are paraphyses mixed with the asci, and in some species these occur on the stipes scattered or grouped together so as to form small tufts or scales. In some species they are spread out on the stipe surface as a continuous gelatinous layer.[14]
Distribution
Geoglossum species are found worldwide and have been studied extensively in Asia,[18][19] Australasia,[20] Europe,[10][21] India,[22] North America,[11][14] and South America.[23]
Selected species
- Geoglossum alveolatum (E.J.Durand ex Rehm) E.J.Durand 1908
- Geoglossum atrovirens Kunze & J.C.Schmidt
- Geoglossum barlae Boud. 1889
- Geoglossum berteroi (Mont.) Colenso 1887
- Geoglossum brunneipes S. Arauzo, A. Lebre & M. Becerra 2014
- Geoglossum chamaecyparinum S. Arauzo 2014
- Geoglossum cookeanum Nannf. ex Minter & P.F. Cannon 2015
- Geoglossum difforme Fr. 1815
- Geoglossum dunense Loizides, M. Carbone & P. Alvarado 2015
- Geoglossum elongatum Starbäck ex Nannf. 1942
- Geoglossum geesterani S. Arauzo & A. Lebre 2014
- Geoglossum fallax E.J.Durand 1908
- Geoglossum glabrum Pers. 1794
- Geoglossum hakelieri Nitare 1983
- Geoglossum heuflerianum Bail ex Saccardo 1889
- Geoglossum hookeri Cooke 1875
- Geoglossum inflatum (Mains) S. Arauzo 2014
- Geoglossum nigritum (Fr.) Cooke 1878
- Geoglossum peckianum Cooke 1875
- Geoglossum scabripes P. Iglesias & S. Arauzo 2014
- Geoglossum simile Peck 1873
- Geoglossum sphagnophilum Ehrenb. 1818
- Geoglossum starbaeckii Nannf. 1942
- Geoglossum uliginosum Hakelier 1967
- Geoglossum umbratile Sacc. 1878
- Geoglossum variabilisporum S. Arauzo 2014
- Geoglossum viscosum Pers. 1797
- Geoglossum vleugelianum Nannf. 1942
Conservation
Several species of Geoglossum are considered to be of conservation significance and many species are found on
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Geoglossum difforme paraphyses, 800X total magnification.
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Geoglossum simile paraphyses, 800X total magnification.
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Geoglossum cookeanum paraphyses, 800X total magnification.
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Geoglossum barlae spores, 800X total magnification.
References
- ^ a b "Synonyms: Geoglossum Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 116 (1794)". Index Fungorum. CAN International. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
- ^ "Index Fungorum - Geoglossum Genus".
- ^ Persoon CH. (1794). "Neuer Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Schwämme". Roemer's Neues Magazin für die Botanik. 1: 63–128.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1796). Observationes Mycologicae 1. Leipzig: Gesnerus, Usterius & Wolfius.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1797). Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus. Leipzig: Petrum, Phillipum & Wolf.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1799). Observationes Mycologicae 2. Leipzig: Gesnerus, Usterius & Wolfius.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum 2. Göttingen: Henricus Dieterich.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1822). Mycologia Europaea 1. Erlangen: JJ Palmius.
- ^ Fries E. Systema Mycologicum I. Lundin: Sumtibus Ernesti Mauritti.
- ^ a b Massee G. (1897). "A monograph of the Geoglossaceae". Annals of Botany. 11: 225–306.
- ^ a b c Durand EJ. (1908). "The Geoglossaceae of North America". Annales Mycologici. 6 (5): 387–477.
- ^ Lloyd CG. (1916). "The Geoglossaceae". Mycological Writings. 5.
- ^ Seaver FJ. (1951). The North American Cup-Fungi (Inoperculates). New York: Hafner.
- ^ JSTOR 4547871.
- ^ "Gloeoglossum E.J. Durand, Annales Mycologici, 6: 418, 1908". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
- ^ Sandnes ACS. (2006). Phylogenetic relationships among species and genera of Geoglossaceae (Helotiales) based on ITS and LSU nrDNA sequences (Cand. Scient. thesis). The University of Oslo, Norway.
- .
- ^ Imai S. (1941). "Geoglossaceae Japoniae" (PDF). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University. 45 (4): 155–264.
- ^ Tai FL. (1944). "Studies in the Geoglossaceae of Yunnan". Lloydia. 7: 146–162.
- ^ Spooner BM. (1987). "Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae". Bibliotheca Mycologica. 116: 1–711.
- ^ Nannfeldt JA. (1942). "The Geoglossaceae of Sweden". Arkiv för Botanik. 30A: 1–67.
- ^ Maas Geesteranus RA. (1965). "Geoglossaceae of India and Adjacent Countries". Persoonia. 4 (1): 19–46.
- ^ Hladki AI, Romero AI (2009). "La familia Geoglossaceae s. str. (Helotiales) en la provincia de Tucumán (Argentina)". Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica (in Spanish). 44 (3–4): 249–255.
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CAB International.
- PMID 24761038.
- ^ Arauzo S., Iglesias P. (2014). "La familia Geoglossaceae ss. str. en la península ibérica y la Macaronesia". Errotari. 11: 166–259.
- doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1064-9.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b c Parmasto E. (July 2009). "Red Data List of Estonian Fungi 2008" (PDF). Mycology group of the Estonian Commission for Nature Protection at the Estonian Academy of Science.
- ^ "UK BAP Priority Fungal Species".
- ^ "Danish Red List". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- ^ Senn-Irlet B, Bieri G, Egli S (2007). Liste Rouge des Champignons Supériors Menacés en Suisse. L'environnement pratique no 0718 (Report) (in French). Office fédéral de l'environnement, Berne, ((et WSL)), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- ^ "Danish Red List". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- ^ a b c d "Swedish Red List".
- ^ Antonín V, Beran M, Bieberová Z, et al. (2006). "Červený seznam hub (makromycetů) České republiky" [Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic] (PDF) (in Czech). Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR (AOPKČR)/Agency for Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection of the Czech Republic.
- ^ Vesterholt J. "Geoglossum littorale (Rostr.) Nannf". The Danish Red Data Book. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ "Danish Red List". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- ^ "Danish Red List". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- ^ Gyosheva MM, Denchev CM, Dimitrova EG, Assyov B, Petrova RD, Stoichev GT (2006). "Red List of fungi in Bulgaria". Mycologia Balcanica. 3: 81–87.
External links
- Geoglossum photos at Mushroom Observer