Georgy Danilov

Georgy Konstantinovich Danilov (

In 1922 he returned to Moscow, where he was assigned to the department of languages at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (or Коммунистический университет трудящихся Востока КУТВ). He worked at КомА (Коммунистическая академия, Communist Academy), then taught high school.

Marxist linguistics

In February 1931, Danilov became the assistant director of the linguistic Institute linked to the Наркомпрос (Народный комиссариат просвещения, the People's Commissariat for Enlightenment). Danilov used linguistics to solve day-to-day practical political problems and his works were intimately related to social class. His approach to Marxism was dogmatic, always asking what the real Marxism was in linguistics and who could be called a true Marxist linguist.

The social purpose of his work emerged from a linguistic study, done in Ukraine, entitled: Язык общественного класса (по данным говора мест. Белик Полтавского округа), or The Language of Social Class (according to the Dialect of Beliki, in the Region of Poltava) ^[4].4.The greatest achievement of this linguistic survey has been the modernity of his methods, using what he called mass observation that in a way reminiscent of modern sociolinguistics.

The area where Danilov and his team worked was the village of Beliki in the region of Poltava, in the summer of 1927. In his work, dated 1928, the author focused on the language of people, conducting a “linguistic survey” and studying data obtained through interviews according to different linguistic axes. The study consisted of identifying citizen class types and of demonstrating their particular speech and how this contributes to the class struggle.^[5] The main method to search for material and information consisted of a systematic investigation of many people of different ages, gender and social status. What emerged from this linguistic analysis was the strong role that language can have in the class struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie.

Danilov shared the belief, which was widespread in the second half of the 1920s, that the socio-economic conditions of a social group or class are reflected by their psychology and their language used. The different uses of language in these classes introduce a new hierarchy in which poor peasants occupy the bottom of the ladder, as they use the archaic lexicon reduced to the terminology of agriculture. In this classification, skilled workers and local cadres occupy a high place - they are bilingual, they use the Russian language of the October Revolution but they also speak Ukrainian. Danilov interpreted this diversity of language as the result of differences between the psychologies of classes.

Danilov suggested a new language that can finally unite the classes: Russian, since it relates to the Revolution. He later acknowledged the limitations of this work, affirming that he should have looked beyond the results and should not have considered these results as answers, but as the key to arrive at the answers.

Jazikofront

During the 1930s in the Soviet Union two main linguistic schools existed: those who followed the idea of an ancient proto-language developed long time ago, namely

Danilov was attacked by both Indo-Europeanists and Marrists. His bitter enemy was Yevgeny Polivanov, whom Danilov accused of adopting an anti-proletarian position because he defended Indo-European studies and labeled as a Trotskyist. However, the arguments provided by Danilov to disprove the thesis of Polivanov were unclear and confusing, sometimes even contradictory.^[3]

Danilov's influence on the new linguistic movement likewise brought him into conflict with the exponents of Marrism, who used the term "danilovščina" (даниловщина), coined by Jakubinskii, to denounce Danilov's ideas as a dangerous tendency for the development of new linguistics.

Jazikofront survived until 1932.

African studies in Soviet Union

Georgy Danilov was also an exponent of African studies, and especially South Africa, which resulted in the creation of НИАНКП (the Research Association for the Study of National and Colonial Problems).^[6] Soviet African studies emerged in the late 1920s to the late 1930s. During that period none of Soviet Africanist scholars travelled to Africa; instead, in the early 1930s a Department of Africa was created at one of Comintern's universities, the Communist University of Eastern Toilers. There was also an African Department, or the African Laboratory (“Kabinet”) in the Academic Research Association for National and Colonial Problems. Its main task was collecting materials on Africa.

The activities of both these centres were vibrant and diverse. Not only did they study Africa's socio–economic problems and history but languages as well. Both Moscow and Leningrad academics were involved in these studies, as well as émigré from African countries and Africans who came to study at the Comintern's universities (Lenin School and KUTV).^[7]

Danilov was the initiator of the study of African languages in Moscow. His efforts gave birth to the first Soviet Congress for African languages in Moscow in January 1934, during which his two papers "Perspectives, tasks and methods of studies on African languages" and "Phonetical system of Swahili" were presented.^[8]

The Great Purge

Danilov was an active member of the Communist Party. Like a number of other linguists and Africanists he perished due to Great Purge. On 28 December 1934 he was expelled from the CPSU (b), and in January. 1935 dismissed from all jobs and forced to work as an educator in children's colonies of the OGPU in Kaluga and near Serpukhov.

Danilov was arrested on 14 May 1937. He was found guilty of crimes against his country and being a member of a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization and was executed on 29 July 1937. Danilov's ashes were scattered in the

External links

• Some additional info on Danilov and most of his works ( in French)
• Danilov's Biography (in Russian)