German Aerospace Center
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | |
Space agency | |
Headquarters | Cologne (Köln), Germany |
---|---|
Administrator | Anke Kaysser-Pyzalla |
Employees | 10,327[1] |
Annual budget | €1.348 billion (2021)[2] |
Website | www.dlr.de |
The German Aerospace Center (German: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., abbreviated DLR, literally German Center for Air- and Space-flight) is the national center for aerospace, energy and transportation research of Germany, founded in 1969. It is headquartered in Cologne with 35 locations throughout Germany. The DLR is engaged in a wide range of research and development projects in national and international partnerships.[2]
The DLR acts as the German
Overview
DLR has approximately 10.000 employees at 30 locations in Germany.[
In the context of DLR's initiatives to promote young research talent, 16 DLR School Labs were set up at University of Augsburg, Brandenburg University of Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, RWTH Aachen, Technical University of Dortmund, Technische Universität Dresden and in Berlin-Adlershof, Braunschweig, Bremen, Cologne-Porz, Göttingen, Jena, Lampoldshausen/Stuttgart, Neustrelitz, and Oberpfaffenhofen over the past years.[3] In the DLR School Labs, pupils can become acquainted with the practical aspects of natural and engineering sciences by conducting interesting experiments.
The members of the DLR executive board are Anke Kaysser-Pyzalla (chairman) since August 2015, Klaus Hamacher (vice chairman) since April 2006, Karsten Lemmer (member for Energy and Transport) since March 2017 and Walter Pelzer since 2021.[citation needed]
History
Years | Name |
---|---|
1907–1969 | Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) "Aerodynamic Experimental Station" |
1927 | Verein für Raumschiffahrt e.V. (VfR) "Association of Space-Flight Reg. Assoc." |
1947–1948 | Arbeitsgemeinschaft Weltraumfahrt "Consortium on Space Flight" |
1948–1972 | Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung (GfW) "Society for Space Research" |
1969–1989 | Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DFVLR) "German Test and Research Institute for Aviation and Space Flight" |
1989–1997 | Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten (DARA) German Aerospace Agency |
1989–1997 | Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) "German Research Institute for Aviation and Space Flight" |
1997–present | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) "German Center for Aviation and Space Flight" German Aerospace Center |
1970–present | Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme (IRS) Institute for Space systems |
The modern DLR was created in 1997, but was the culmination of over half a dozen space, aerospace, and research institutes from across the 20th century.
The oldest predecessor organization of DLR was established by Ludwig Prandtl in Göttingen in 1907. This Modellversuchsanstalt der Motorluftschiff-Studiengesellschaft (MLStG; German for "Institute for Testing of Aerodynamic Models of the Powered Airship Society") later became the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt ("Aerodynamics Laboratory" or "Aerodynamic Experimental Station").
In the 1920s
The
The private experiments of the late 1920s and early 1930s excited also the interest of the German military, which provided funding for further development of rockets as a replacement for artillery. This led to an array of military applications, among them Germany's
In the 1940s, the DVL (an AVA sister organization) funded
In 1947, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Weltraumfahrt ("Consortium on Space Flight") was formed, leading to the Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung (GfW; "Society for Space Research") being formed in 1948.[4]
In 1954, the Research Institute of Jet Propulsion Physics (FPS) was established at the Stuttgart airport.[5]
What was later called the DLR was formed in 1969 as the Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DFVLR; "German Test and Research Institute for Aviation and Space Flight") through the merger of several institutions. These were the
In 1989, the DFVLR was renamed Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR; "German Research Institute for Aviation and Space Flight"). Also in 1989, the Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten (DARA; "German Agency for Space Flight Affairs") was created.[4]
Following the merger with the Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten (DARA; German for "German Agency for Space Flight Affairs") on 1 October 1997, the name was changed to Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), literally "German Center for Aviation and Space Flight". The shorter translation "German Aerospace Center" is used in English-language publications.
Other German space organizations include the Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme (IRS; Institute for Space Systems), founded in 1970.[6] This should not be confused with DLR's Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme located in Bremen.[7] Also, significant contributions are made to the European Space Agency.
Research
DLR's mission comprises the exploration of the Earth and the solar system, as well as research aimed at protecting the environment and developing environmentally compatible technologies, and at promoting mobility, communication and security. DLR's research portfolio, which covers the four focus areas Aeronautics, Space, Transportation and Energy, ranges from basic research to innovative applications. DLR operates large-scale research centres, both for the benefit of its own projects and as a service for its clients and partners from the worlds of business and science.
The objective of DLR's aeronautics research is to strengthen the competitive advantage of the national and European aeronautical industry and aviation sector, and to meet political and social demands – for instance with regard to climate-friendly aviation. German space research activities range from experiments under conditions of weightlessness to the exploration of other planets and environmental monitoring from space. In addition to these activities, DLR performs tasks of public authority pertaining to the planning and implementation of the German space programme, in its capacity as the official space agency of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The DLR's Project Management Agency (German: Projektträger im DLR) has also been entrusted with tasks of public authority pertaining to the administration of subsidies. In the field of
In addition to the already existing projects
Planetary research
Mars Express
The High Resolution Stereo Camera HRSC is the most important German contribution to the European Space Agency's Mars Express mission. It is the first digital stereo camera that also generates multispectral data and that has a very high resolution lens. The camera records images of the Martian surface which formed the basis for a large number of scientific studies. With the HRSC, which was developed at the German Aerospace Center's Institute of Planetary Research (German: Institut für Planetenforschung), it is possible to analyse details no larger than 10 to 30 meters in three dimensions.
Rosetta and Philae
The
Dawn
The framing cameras, provided by the
Human spaceflight
Columbus
DLR operates the Columbus Control Centre in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. It is responsible for the coordination of scientific activities as well as for systems operations and life support on board the orbiting Columbus laboratory.
In February 2008, the Columbus laboratory, Europe's core contribution to the International Space Station ISS, was brought into space by the Space Shuttle and docked to the ISS. The cylindrical module, which has a diameter of 4.5 metres (14 ft 9 in), contains state-of-the-art scientific equipment. It is planned to enable researchers on Earth to conduct thousands of experiments in biology, materials science, fluid physics and many other fields under conditions of weightlessness in space.
Spacelab, Shuttle, Mir, Soyuz
Germany has near ten astronauts and participates in ESA human space programs including flights of German astronauts aboard US
The second similar mission, Deutschland 2 (Spacelab-D2, DLR-2, NASA designation STS-55), was first planned for 1988, but then due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was delayed until 1993 when it became the first German human space mission after German reunification.[13]
Earth-bound research and aeronautics
Remote sensing of the Earth
In remote sensing of the Earth, satellites provide comprehensive and continually updated information on "System Earth". This remote sensing data is used to investigate the Earth's atmosphere, land and ocean surfaces, and ice sheets. Practical applications of this technology include environmental monitoring and disaster relief.
Following the
TerraSAR-X
The new German Earth observation satellite
TerraSAR-X is the first satellite that was jointly paid for by government and industry. DLR contributed about 80 percent of the total expenses, with the remainder being covered by
Astronomical surveys
The
Reusable launch systems
Suborbital Spaceplane
Studying a
RETALT
DLR is a partner for
Aircraft design
DLR is involved in different European
Research aircraft
DLR operates Europe's largest fleet of research aircraft. The aircraft are used both as research objects and as research tools. DLR's research aircraft provide platforms for all kinds of research missions. Scientists and engineers can use them for practical, application-oriented purposes: Earth observation, atmospheric research or testing new aircraft components. DLR is for instance investigating wing
The high-altitude research aircraft HALO (
The Airbus A320-232 D-ATRA, the latest and largest addition to the fleet, has been in use by the German Aerospace Center since late 2008. ATRA (
DLR and
On 31 January 2020, the DLR put its newest aircraft into service, a Falcon 2000LX ISTAR (In-flight Systems & Technology Airborne Research).[18]
Emissions research
DLR conducts research into CO2 and noise emissions caused by air transport. In order to ensure that increasing traffic volumes do not lead to an increase in the noise pollution caused by air transport, DLR is investigating options for noise reduction. The "Low-noise Approach and Departure Procedures" research project (German: Lärmoptimierte An- und Abflugverfahren), for instance, forms part of the national research project "Quiet Traffic" (German: Leiser Verkehr).
The objective of this project is to find flight procedures that can reduce the amount of noise generated during takeoff and landing. One approach is to analyse noise propagation at ground level during takeoff using a large number of microphones. Researchers are also trying to reduce the noise at source, focusing for instance on airframe and engine noise. They hope to minimise noise generated in the engines using so-called "antinoise".
The German Aerospace Center's research work on CO2 emissions caused by air transport focuses for instance on model calculations concerning the effects of converting the global aircraft fleet to hydrogen propulsion. The growth rates of aviation are above average. This raises the question if CO2 emission-free hydrogen propulsion could perhaps limit the effects of growing air traffic volumes on the environment and the climate.
Hydrogen as an energy carrier
The Hydrosol and Hydrosol-2 is one of the energy research projects in which DLR scientists are engaged. For the first time, scientists have achieved thermal water splitting using solar energy, generating hydrogen and oxygen without CO2 emissions. For this achievement, the DLR team and several other research groups received the Descartes Prize, a research award created by the European Commission. The FP6 Hydrosol II pilot reactor (around 100 kW) for solar thermochemical hydrogen production at the Plataforma Solar de Almería in Spain started in November 2005[19] and is in operation since 2008.[20]
Traffic Congestion
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup football championship, DLR implemented the Soccer project aimed at preventing traffic congestion. In this transportation research project, traffic data was obtained from the air in Berlin, Stuttgart and Cologne and used as input for traffic forecasting. A sensor system combining a conventional and a thermographic camera was used to obtain the data. A zeppelin, an aeroplane and a helicopter served as flying research platforms. An image analysis software package generated aerial photos showing the current traffic parameters as well as traffic forecasts. In this way, traffic control centres could be provided with almost-real-time traffic information, and road users could be diverted whenever necessary.
Solar tower power plant
In 2007, the first commercially operated
Locations
Locations of some of the DLR branches in GermanyAs of 2022, the DLR had 35 sites in Germany:[22]
Aachen and Aachen-Merzbrück
- Small Aircraft Technology[23]
- Augsburg-Universitätsviertel
- Center for Lightweight Production Technology (Zentrum für Leichtbauproduktionstechnik)[24]
- Berlin-Adlershof
- Institute of Planetary Research (Institut für Planetenforschung)[25]
- Institute of Transport Research (Institut für Verkehrsforschung)
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems (Institut für Optische Sensorsysteme)[26]
- Applied Remote Sensing Cluster
- Project Management Agency - Information Technology
- Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Conditioning (Abt. Systemkonditionierung)
- DLR School Lab
- Located at TU Berlin
- Institute of Propulsion Technology, Department of Engine Acoustics (Abt. Triebwerksakustik)
- Berlin-Charlottenburg[citation needed]
- Berlin-Carnot-Strasse[citation needed]
- Berlin-Zentrum
- Project Management Agencies at DLR
- Simulation and Software Technology
- Bonn-Oberkassel
- Space Agency (Raumfahrt-Agentur)
- Project management for aerospace research and technology (Projektträger Luftfahrtforschung und -technologie)
- DLR Project Management Agency (DLR-Projektträger)
- International Office of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) - pursues the goal of expanding the international connections of German universities, research institutions and companies
- EUREKA/COSTOffice
- EU Office of the BMBF
- Bonn-Bad Godesberg
- DLR Project Management Agency (DLR-Projektträger)
- Flight operations
- Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology
- Institute of Lightweight Systems
- Institute of Flight Guidance
- Institute of Flight Systems
- Institute of Transportation Systems
- Institute of Software Technology
- German-Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW)
- DLR School Lab
- Institute of Space Systems
- Maritime Security Centre
- DLR School Lab[28]
- Institut for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures
- Executive Board (Vorstand)
- Institute of Airport Operations and Air Traffic
- Institute of Propulsion Technology[29]
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine[citation needed]
- Institute of Material Physics in Space[citation needed]
- Institute of Materials Research
- Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Köln Wind Tunnel Department
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Solar Research Department
- Space flight and astronaut training
- Simulation and Software Engineering
- Center for Solidification of Supercooled Melts (ZEUS)[citation needed] (Zentrum für Erstarrung Unterkühlter Schmelzen)
- DLR School Lab[citation needed]
- German-Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW)[citation needed]
- National Experimental Test Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems[30]
- Institute of Low-Carbon Industrial Processes[31]
- Institute of Software Methods for Product Virtualization[32]
- Institute of Maritime Energy Systems[33]
- Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
- Institute of Aeroelasticity
- Institute of Drive Systems
- German-Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW)
- DLR School Lab
- DLR Systems Engineering (Systemhaus Technik)
- DLR Technology Marketing
- DLR Central Archive[34]
- Institute for Satellite Geodesy and Inertial Sensing[35]
- Department of Aerospace Psychology (besides research, also involved in the selection of astronauts and Lufthansa pilots)[36]
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine
- Research Center for Air Transport Systems[37]
- DLR School Lab[citation needed]
- Institute of Data Science[38]
- Institute for Solar Research
- Institute for Future Fuels
- Institute of Space Propulsion
- Institute of Technical Physics
- Institute of Communications and Navigation: GNSS Validation and Completion Techniques (Validierungs- und Ergänzungstechniken)
- Institute of Communications and Navigation: Ionospheric Effects and Corrections[citation needed]
- Remote Sensing Technology Institute: Atmospheric Processes (Atmosphärenprozessoren)[citation needed]
- German Remote Sensing Data Centre - National Ground Segment
- Technology Marketing[citation needed]
- DLR School Lab[citation needed]
- Applied Remote Sensing Cluster
- Space Operations and Astronaut Training
- German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD)
- Flight Operations
- Institute of Microwaves and Radar Systems (Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme)[citation needed]
- Institute of Communications and Navigation (Institut für Kommunikation und Navigation)[citation needed]
- Institute of Remote Sensing Technology[citation needed]
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics (Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre)[citation needed]
- Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics (Institut für Robotik und Mechatronik)[39]
- Institute of System Dynamics and Control (Institut für Systemdynamik und Regelungstechnik)[40]
- German Space Operations Center (Deutsches Raumfahrt-Kontrollzentrum)[citation needed]
- DLR School Lab[citation needed]
- Institute of Networked Energy Systems (Institut für Vernetzte Energiesysteme)[41]
- Institute for the Protection of Terrestrial Infrastructures
- Institute for the Protection of Terrestrial Infrastructures
- Institute for AI Safety and Security
- Institute of Lightweight Systems
- Center for Lightweight Production Technology
- Institute of Structures and Design
- Institute of Vehicle Concepts[citation needed]
- Institute of Technical Physics[citation needed]
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics
- Institute of Combustion Technology[citation needed]
- Institute of Networked Energy Systems (Institut für Vernetzte Energiesysteme)[41]
- DLR School Lab[citation needed]
- Institute of Propulsion Technology, Engine / Fire Safety department[42]
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics
- Institute of Quantum Technologies
- Institute for AI Safety and Security
Weilheim (Oberbayern)
- Space Operations and Astronaut Training
Human spaceflight
Examples of DLR or parent institution human spaceflight missions:[43]
- FSLP (1983), with Ulf Merbold using Spaceman on STS-9
- D1 (1985), with Reinhard Furrer and Ernst Messerschmid ( with Netherlands' Wubbo Ockels on STS-61-A)
- D2 (1993), with Hans Schlegel and Ulrich Walter
- Mir 92/92E (1992), with Klaus-Dietrich Flade
- Euromir 94, with Ulf Merbold
- Euromir 95, with Thomas Reiter
- MIR '97, with Reinhold Ewald
- X-SAR/SRTM (2000), with Gerhard Thiele
- Blue dot (2014), with Alexander Gerst, on the ISS
- Horizons (2018), with Alexander Gerst, on the ISS
Research aircraft
Examples of research aircraft:[44]
- Bo 105(for ATTHeS In-Flight Simulator)
- EC 135(for Flying Helicopter Simulator (FHS))
- VFW 614(for ATTAS)
- Boeing 747SP (DLR/NASA project for SOFIA)
- Airbus A320-232("D-ATRA")
- Zeppelin NT (for traffic analysis)
- Cessna 208B Grand Caravan("D-FDLR")
- Dassault Falcon 20E ("D-CMET")
- DG 300 Elan-17 (glider)
- Dornier 228-101 ("D-CODE")
- Dornier 228-212 ("D-CFFU")
- DR 400/200R Remorqueur ("D-EDVE")
- Gulfstream G550 ("D-ADLR", for HALO)
- LFU 205 ("D-ELFU", since 1985)
- Grob Strato 2C[45] ("D-CDLR", retired)
Space missions
Examples of DLR (or parent institution) space missions.[43] Many of these are also joint or international missions.
Current[when?]
- TanDEM-X - TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement
- Prisma
- SATCOMBw
- TerraSAR-X
- Columbus
- BIRD - Bispectral InfraRed Detector
- FIREBIRD, the BIRD successor mission consisting of TET-1 (Technology Experiment Carrier) and BIROS (Bispectral InfraRed Optical Satellite, formerly Berlin InfraRed Optical Satellite)
- GRACE- Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment
- SAR-Lupe
- EuCROPIS (Euglena and Combined Regenerative Organic-Food Production in Space)
- DESIS, the DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer, a VIS/NIR Teledyne Brown Engineering
- EnMAP
Past
- CHAMP - CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload
- AZUR
- AEROS
- Dawn (spacecraft)
- HELIOS
- AMPTE
- GALILEO
- ROSAT
- EXPRESS
- Equator-S
- MOMS-2P
- ABRIXAS
- SYMPHONIE A+B
- TV-Sat 1 & 2
- DFS Kopernikus 1,2,3
- EUTELSAT II (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6)
- EUTELSAT W (W2, W3, W4, W1R, HB6, W5)
- Rosetta
- Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)
- MASCOT lander onboard Hayabusa2
DLR Magazine
DLR Magazine is the institute's flagship publication, also published in English as of June 2010.[46] Subject matter includes science, editorials and images.[46]
See also
- Open access in Germany
- Die Astronautin
- List of aerospace flight test centres
- List of government space agencies
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