Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Schduagert ( Swabian) | |
---|---|
Castle Square with New Palace Hilly cityscape | |
Location within Baden-Württemberg Stadtkreis | |
Founded | 10th century |
Subdivisions | 23 districts |
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2020–28) | Frank Nopper[1] (CDU) |
Area | |
• Municipality | 207.33 km2 (80.05 sq mi) |
Elevation | 245 m (804 ft) |
Population (2022-12-31)[4] | |
• Municipality | 632,865 |
• Density | 3,100/km2 (7,900/sq mi) |
• Urban | 2,787,724 (31 Dec 2018)[3] |
• Metro | 5,465,093 (2021)[2] |
Demonym | Stuttgarter |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 70173–70619 |
Dialling codes | 0711 |
Vehicle registration | S |
Website | www |
Stuttgart (German:
Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities.
Since the seventh millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the
Stuttgart is known for its strong
Etymology
Stuttgart, often nicknamed the "Schwabenmetropole" (English: Swabian metropolis) in reference to its location in the centre of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by the native Swabians, has its etymological roots in the Old High German word Stuotgarten,[25] or "stud farm",[26] because the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses.[27]
In the local dialects of Alemannic German it can be "Schtuegert", and in Swabian German "Stuagart"; with similar variant spellings, usually dropping the central T sound.
History
- Roman Empire 83–475
- Kingdom of Alamannia ca. 475–911
- Duchy of Swabia 915–1313
- Duchy of Württemberg 1495–1803
- Electorate of Württemberg 1803–1805
- Kingdom of Württemberg 1805–1918
- German Empire 1871–1918
- Weimar Republic 1918–1933
- Nazi Germany 1933–1945
- Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949
- West Germany 1949–1990
- Germany 1990–present
Antiquity
Originally, the most important location in the
As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the
Middle Ages
In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.[32] Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.[33]
Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St. Gall's archives as "Canstat ad Neccarum" (German: Cannstatt-on-Neckar) in 708.[citation needed] The etymology of the name "Cannstatt" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as condistat in the Annals of Metz (9th century),[citation needed] it is mostly derived from the Latin word condita ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "Condi-". Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the Civitas Aurelia G attested to in an inscription found near Öhringen.[34] There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish *kondâti- "confluence".[31][35]
In
Stuttgart's viticulture, first documented in the
Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the
Early Modern era
In 1488, Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.
The Thirty Years' War devastated the city,[51] and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.[27] After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Nörlingen in 1634, Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg, abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-Habsburg forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in Swabia. Ferdinand III, King of the Romans, entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg.[52] The next year, the Bubonic plague struck and devastated the population.[53] The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, famine, plague and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.[54] Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.[55] This progress was almost entirely undone when French soldiers under Ezéchiel du Mas appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the Nine Years' War,[55] but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla,[55] reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,[56] Eberhard Ludwig.[57]
For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to
Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,[28] and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg.[64]
Kingdom of Württemberg and German Empire
King
From the outset of the 19th century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of the city at the time was around 50,000),
Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as
Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile's invention by
During World War I, the city was a target of air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.[81]
Weimar Republic
At the end of the First World War,
Nazi Germany
Due to the
The
Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was ravaged throughout the war by
French-American tensions
The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945. Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the
Baden-Württemberg
The military government of the
An early concept of the
The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of
On 25 April 1952, the other two parts of the former German states of
In May 1965 Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwäbisch Hall. Her great-grandfather Duke Francis (1837–1900) had been a member of the Württemberg royal family.
In the late 1970s, the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history.
The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind, starting in 1974 with the
Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s, Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe, but also the world. In 1993, the
Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the protests against the controversial Stuttgart 21.
US military in Stuttgart
Since shortly after the end of World War II, there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart. At the height of the Cold War over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city.[119] Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations (Patch Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, Kelley Barracks, Robinson Barracks, and Stuttgart Army Airfield) representing all branches of service within the Department of Defense, unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War.
In March 1946 the
In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to
Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US
Geography
The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl-shaped valley about 900 ft (270 m)
Stuttgart is one of 14 regional centers in Baden-Württemberg and is naturally the primary centre of the Stuttgart Region, making it the administrative centre for a region of 3,700 km2 (1,400 sq mi) containing a total of 2.76 million people as of December 2014.[129] In addition, Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen District cities Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Filderstadt as well as Ditzingen, Gerlingen, and Korntal-Münchingen in Ludwigsburg District. Stuttgart is also chief of the three centres Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, an area of 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) containing 5.3 million persons.[130]
Mittelzentrum / Middle-Stage centers of the Stuttgart Region |
---|
Backnang, Bietigheim-Bissingen / Besigheim, Böblingen / Sindelfingen, Esslingen am Neckar, Geislingen, Göppingen, Herrenberg, Kirchheim unter Teck, Leonberg, Ludwigsburg / Kornwestheim, Nürtingen, Schorndorf, Vaihingen an der Enz, Waiblingen / Fellbach |
Climate
Stuttgart experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).[131] Its summers are warm, with average highs around 25 °C (77 °F), while its winters are chilly, with daily means just above freezing. Annually, the city receives average 718.7 mm (28.30 in) of rain.[132] On average, Stuttgart enjoys 1,807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of 9 °C (48 °F).[133]
Typically during summer months, the nearby hills,
Climate data for Stuttgart (Schnarrenberg) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–2014) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
31.5 (88.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
37.0 (98.6) |
37.7 (99.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
29.7 (85.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
3.0 (37.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.3 (32.5) |
6.7 (44.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −25.5 (−13.9) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−14.9 (5.2) |
−18.5 (−1.3) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39.9 (1.57) |
32.7 (1.29) |
36.5 (1.44) |
35.4 (1.39) |
76.3 (3.00) |
75.6 (2.98) |
81.3 (3.20) |
72.1 (2.84) |
47.4 (1.87) |
51.8 (2.04) |
49.9 (1.96) |
49.9 (1.96) |
649.7 (25.58) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15.8 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 15.0 | 14.7 | 14.3 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 169.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80.1 | 75.3 | 69.3 | 64.1 | 66.6 | 66.7 | 65.2 | 66.9 | 73.4 | 79.8 | 82.4 | 82.4 | 72.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 69.3 | 91.2 | 142.5 | 186.7 | 209.5 | 224.6 | 241.6 | 225.6 | 169.4 | 116.4 | 72.0 | 60.1 | 1,813.8 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[136] Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[137] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[138] |
Landmarks and culture
Inner city
At the center of Stuttgart lies its main square,
Although the city center was heavily damaged during World War II,[139] many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include:
- The Stiftskirche (Collegiate Church), dates back to the 12th century, but was changed to the Late Gothic style in the 15th century and has been a Protestant church since 1534.[139] Exterior: Romanesque/Gothic; interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern. Reconstructed with simplified interior after World War II.
- Altes Schloss (the Old Castle), mostly dating from the late 15th century, some parts date back to 1320.[139] Renaissance style; reconstructed.[139]
- Alte Kanzlei (the Old Chancellery) on Schillerplatz square which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar
- Neues Schloss (the New Castle), completed in 1807.[139] Baroque/Classicism); reconstructed with modern interior, currently houses government offices.[139] The cellars with a collection of stone fragments from the Roman times are open to visitors.[140]
- Wilhelmpalais (the King Wilhelm Palais), 1840
- Königsbau (the King's Building), 1850. Classicism; reconstructed; has been housing the "Königsbau Passagen" shopping centre since 2006.
- The Großes Haus of Stuttgart National Theatre, 1909–1912
- Markthalle Market Hall, 1910 (Art Nouveau)
- The Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway Station) was designed in 1920;[139] its stark, functional lines are typical of the artistic trend 'Neue Sachlichkeit' (New Objectivity).[139]
- The Württembergische Landesbibliothek state library, rebuilt in 1970
- Friedrichsbau Varieté (Friedrich Building), rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau building
Architecture in other districts
A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city's royal past. These include:
- Castle Solitude, 1700–1800. In Baroque/Rococostyle.
- Ludwigsburg Palace, 1704–1758. Baroque, with its enormous Baroque garden.
- Castle Hohenheim, 1771–1793
Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include (see also museums below):
- Castle Rosenstein(1822–1830), classical
- Württemberg Mausoleum (1824) which holds the remains of Catherine Pavlovna of Russia and King William I of Württemberg
- Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Gardens (1853)
- The Observation Tower of Burgholzhof, an 1891 brick observation tower constructed by the Cannstatt municipal architect Friedrich Keppler on behalf of the Verschönerungsverein Cannstatt e. V. ("Society for the Beautification of Cannstatt"), in the style of a Roman tower
- International Style
- Friedenskirche, a 1966 church using the 1892 tower of a bombed church
- The TV Tower (1950), the world's first concrete TV tower
- Stuttgart Airport Terminal Building, 2000. In neighboring Leinfelden-Echterdingen.
Parks, lakes, cemeteries and other places of interest
At the center of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens which are popular with families and cyclists. Because of its shape on a map, the locals refer to it as the Green U. The Green U starts with the old Schlossgarten, castle gardens first mentioned in records in 1350. The modern park stretches down to the river Neckar and is divided into the upper garden (bordering the Old Castle, the Main Station, the State Theater and the State Parliament building), and the middle and lower gardens – a total of 61 hectares. The park also houses Stuttgart planetarium.
At the far end of Schlossgarten lies the second Green U park, the larger
Beyond bridges over an adjacent main road lies the final Green U park, Killesbergpark or 'Höhenpark' which is a former quarry that was converted for the Third Reich garden show of 1939 (and was used as a collection point for Jews awaiting transportation to concentration camps). The park has been used to stage many gardening shows since the 1950s, including the Bundesgartenschau and 1993 International Gardening Show, and runs miniature trains all around the park in the summer months for children and adults. The viewing tower (Killesbergturm) offers unique views across to the north east of Stuttgart.
On the northern edge of the
Other parks in Stuttgart include the historic
There are a number of natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Stuttgart. The largest is the Max-Eyth-See, which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve. It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river Neckar near [Mühlhausen]. There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers, families, cyclists and ramblers. The most frequented lakes form a 3 km (1.9 mi) trio made up of the Bärensee, Neuer See and Pfaffensee. The lakes are also used for local water supplies.
In the Feuersee area in the west of Stuttgart lies one of two 'Feuersee's (literally fire lakes), striking for its views of the Johanneskirche (St. Johns) church across the lake, surrounded by nearby houses and offices. The other Feuersee can be found in Vaihingen.
Cemeteries in Stuttgart include:
- The Hoppenlaufriedhof in Central Stuttgart, the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to 1626, an infirmary graveyard last used in 1951
- The Waldfriedhof, the 1913 forest cemetery that is connected to Südheimer Platz by funicular railway
- The Pragfriedhof, with its Art Nouveau crematorium. Established in 1873 it was extended to include Jewish graves in 1874 and also now houses the Russian Orthodox Church of Alexander Nevsky.
- The Uff-Kirchhof cemetery in Bad Cannstatt which stands at the crossroads of two ancient Roman roads and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof, the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since 1985
The city boasts the second-largest mineral water deposits in Europe after Budapest,[139][141] with over 250 springs within the urban area.[141] The Athenebrunnen (or Fountain of Pallas Athena) is along Jean-Amery-Weg in the western part of Stuttgart, dating from 1911.
Culture and events
Stuttgart is known for its rich cultural heritage, in particular its State Theatre (Staatstheater) and State Gallery (Staatsgalerie). The Staatstheater is home to the State opera and three smaller theatres. It regularly stages opera, ballet and theatre productions as well as concerts. The Staatstheater was named Germany/Austria/Switzerland "Theatre of the year" in 2006; the Stuttgart Opera has won the 'Opera of the year' award six times.[142] Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like John Cranko and Marcia Haydée.
Stuttgart is also home to one of Germany's most prestigious
The city offers two Broadway-style musical theatres, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats). Ludwigsburg Palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events.
As a result of Stuttgart's long history of viticulture (Even today there are vineyards less than 500 m (1,640 ft) from the Main Station), there are more than 400 flights of stairs (known in the local dialect as the "Stäffele") around the city, equivalent to approximately 20 km (12 mi) of steps.[143] Later, in the early 19th century, the city continued to grow and many vineyards were replaced by houses and streets and the Stäffele were used as footpaths to connect the newly built neighborhoods. Some of the stairs were elaborately decorated with fountains and plantings.[143]
The Schleyerhalle sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour.
Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine have been produced in the area since the 17th century and are now famous throughout Germany and beyond.[144] For example, Gaisburger Marsch is a stew that was invented in Stuttgart's Gaisburg area of Stuttgart East.
In October 2009 the Stuttgart Ministry of Agriculture announced that the European Union was to officially recognise the pasta dish Maultaschen as a "regional specialty", thus marking its significance to the cultural heritage of Baden-Württemberg.[145]
In 1993 Stuttgart hosted the
Regular events that take place in Stuttgart:
- The world-famous annual 'Volksfest', originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in Munich. There is also a Spring festival on the same grounds in April of each year.
- With more than 3.6 million visitors in 2007[147] and more than 200 stands, Stuttgart's Christmas Market, running from late November to 23 December,[148] is the largest and one of the oldest traditional Christmas markets in Europe.[148] It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the four weeks leading up to Christmas.[149]
- The Fish Market (Hamburger Fischmarkt, late July) with fresh fish, other food and beer from Hamburg
- The Summer Festival (Stuttgart Sommerfest, usually in early August) with shows, music, children's entertainment and local cuisine in Schlossplatz, Stuttgart[150]and adjacent parks
- The Lantern Festival (Lichterfest, early July) in Killesberg park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions
- The Wine Village (Weindorf, late August/early September) – vintages are sold at this event held at Schillerplatz and Marktplatz (Market Square).[150]
Museums
Stuttgart is home to five of the eleven state museums in Baden-Württemberg. The foremost of these is the Old State Gallery (opened in 1843, extended in 1984) which holds art dating from the 14th to 19th century including works by Rubens, Rembrandt, Monet, Renoir, Cézanne and Beuys. Next door to the Old State Gallery is the New State Gallery (1980) with its controversial modern architecture. Among others, this gallery houses works from Max Beckmann, Dalí, Matisse, Miró, Picasso, Klee, Chagall and Kandinsky.
The
Other leading museums in Stuttgart include:
- The History Museum (Haus der Geschichte, 1987), examining local history, finds, the conflict between modern society and its cultural history
- Castle Rosenstein (with an emphasis on biology and natural history) and Löwentor Museum (paleontology and geology, home of the Steinheim skull and many unique fossils from the triassic, jurassicand tertiary periods)
- The Mercedes-Benz Museum (1936, moved in 2006), now the most visited museum in Stuttgart (440,000 visits per year).[151] The museum traces the 125-year history of the automobile from the legendary silver arrow to the Mercedes-Benz brand of today.
- Schlossplatz, Stuttgartin a huge glass cube, in strong contrast to the surrounding traditional architecture.
- The Porsche Museum(1976; reopened in 2008 on new premises)
- Hegel House (Hegelhaus), birthplace of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which documents his life works
- The Linden Museum, established in 1911, a leading international ethnological museum[152]
- Stuttgart Tram Museum (Straßenbahnwelt Stuttgart) in Bad Cannstatt, a display of historical vehicles dating back to 1868
- Theodor Heuss House (Theodor-Heuss-Haus, 2002) in Killesbergpark, a tribute to the life and times of the former German president
- The North Station Memorial (Gedenkstätte am Nordbahnhof Stuttgart) in memory of the 2000 or so Jewish holocaust victims deported by the Nazis from the now disused North Station
Churches
Stuttgart is the seat of a Protestant bishop (Protestant State Church in Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based Pentecostal Gospel Forum is the largest place of worship (megachurch) in Germany.[153] It is also home to a large English speaking church, The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart.[154]
Libraries
The
The
The Central State Archive Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the Ministries of the State of Baden-Württemberg. Since 1965, it is located right next to the WLB and belongs since 2005 as a department of the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in. It includes the stocks of the county and the duchy Württemberg until 1806, the Württemberg central authorities of the 19th and 20th century and the early 19th century as a result of media coverage of fallen Württemberg gentlemen and imperial cities in South Württemberg.
The Stadtarchiv Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the provincial capital Stuttgart. The archived material is in principle open to the public and can be consulted in the reading room in Bellingweg 21 in Bad Cannstatt.
The Landeskirchliche Archives preserve the stocks of the Württemberg church leaders and of other ecclesial bodies and institutions: the ducal and royal Württemberg consistory, the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council, deanery and parish archives, educational institutions, the works and associations as well as estates and collections. It also has the microfilms of all church books (especially baptism, marriage, and family Death's Register) in the area of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg.
The "Archive instigator" is dedicated to the dead of the city. Since 2005, the instigators are working on a memoir about "The dead town". So far, about 5,000 names of victims of the regime of National Socialism have been acquired.
There are two large tours that are available to visitors to Stuttgart. The first is the Hop-on Hop-off bus tour (also called the CityTour Stuttgart), lasting from 10 AM to 4 PM that takes visitors around the city.[155] The other is the Neckar-Käpt'n, only available from May to October, which cruises on the Neckar river from its dock at Wilhelma in Bad Cannstatt.[148]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1400 | 4,000 | — |
1707 | 16,000 | +300.0% |
1837 | 36,041 | +125.3% |
1900 | 166,699 | +362.5% |
1920 | 315,796 | +89.4% |
1930 | 377,461 | +19.5% |
1940 | 454,600 | +20.4% |
1950 | 497,677 | +9.5% |
1956 | 601,115 | +20.8% |
1961 | 637,539 | +6.1% |
1966 | 624,202 | −2.1% |
1971 | 632,947 | +1.4% |
1976 | 590,135 | −6.8% |
1981 | 583,001 | −1.2% |
1986 | 565,486 | −3.0% |
1991 | 591,946 | +4.7% |
1996 | 585,540 | −1.1% |
2001 | 587,152 | +0.3% |
2006 | 593,923 | +1.2% |
2011 | 591,015 | −0.5% |
2016 | 628,032 | +6.3% |
2018 | 634,830 | +1.1% |
2021 | 626,275 | −1.3% |
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source:[156] |
Stuttgart has a population of about 630,000 and is the 6th largest city in Germany. Stuttgart reached its population peak of over 100,000 in 1874. In 1946, when Stuttgart became the capital of Baden-Württemberg state, it had a population of about 415,000. In 1960s the industrialization boomed in Stuttgart due to its automobile companies Mercedes-Benz and Porsche and other companies came to Stuttgart. It also saw the growth of foreign population, mostly from Turkey, Greece, Italy and former Yugoslavian countries. The population of Stuttgart hasn't changed a lot since then due to its high rent of the city where many people moved to neighbouring municipalities.
Nationality | Population |
---|---|
Turkey | 17,900 |
Croatia | 15,468 |
Italy | 14,021 |
Greece | 13,757 |
Ukraine | 8,138 |
Romania | 6,121 |
Serbia | 5,844 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4,963 |
Syria | 4,585 |
Portugal | 4,172 |
Poland | 4,162 |
India | 3,624 |
Kosovo | 3,363 |
Spain | 3,233 |
France | 3,212 |
China | 3,134 |
Iraq | 3,099 |
Bulgaria | 3,041 |
Hungary | 2,738 |
Austria | 2,643 |
Immigrants
More than half of the population today is not of
Religion
The religious landscape in Stuttgart changed in 1534 as a direct result of the
Unemployment
Unemployment in the Stuttgart Region is above the average of Baden-Württemberg, but very low compared to other metropolitan areas in Germany. In November 2008, before the annual winter rise, unemployment in the Stuttgart Region stood at 3.8%, 0.1% lower than the rate for Baden-Württemberg, in February 2009 it was 4.7%. Unemployment in the actual city of Stuttgart during the same periods stood at 5.2% and 6.0% (8 November and 9 February respectively). By comparison: unemployment for the whole of Germany stood at 7.1% (8 Nov) and 8.5% (9 Feb).[162][163]
Crime rates
Stuttgart ranks as one of the safest cities in Germany. In 2003, 8535 crimes were committed in Stuttgart for every 100,000 inhabitants (versus the average for all German cities of 12,751).[164] Figures for 2006 indicate that Stuttgart ranked second behind Munich.[165] 60% of Stuttgart crimes were solved in 2003, ranking second behind Nuremberg.
Government and politics
When Stuttgart was run as a (or within) the
At the end of the Second World War, French administrators appointed the independent politician
As the capital of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the State Parliament, or Landtag as well as all Baden-Württemberg state departments.
In June 2009, for the first time the
Mayor
The current mayor of Stuttgart is Frank Nopper of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 8 November 2020, with a runoff held on 29 November, and the results were as follows:
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Frank Nopper | Christian Democratic Union | 69,338 | 31.8 | 83,812 | 42.3 | |
Veronika Kienzle | Alliance 90/The Greens | 37,620 | 17.2 | Withdrew | ||
Marian Schreier | Independent (SPD) | 32,678 | 15.0 | 73,209 | 36.9 | |
Hannes Rockenbauch | Independent (Left/SÖS/Pirate/DiB) | 30,465 | 14.0 | 35,349 | 17.8 | |
Martin Körner | Social Democratic Party | 21,281 | 9.8 | Withdrew | ||
Sebastian Reutter | Independent | 9,494 | 4.4 | Withdrew | ||
Michael Ballweg | Independent | 5,687 | 2.6 | 2,439 | 1.2 | |
Malte Kaufmann | Alternative for Germany | 4,712 | 2.2 | Withdrew | ||
Ralph Schertlen | Independent | 2,113 | 1.0 | 1,183 | 0.6 | |
John Heer | Independent | 1,774 | 0.8 | Withdrew | ||
Issam Abdul-Karim | Independent | 1,322 | 0.6 | 770 | 0.4 | |
Marco Völker | Independent | 734 | 0.3 | 392 | 0.2 | |
Friedhild Anni Miller | Independent | 722 | 0.3 | 616 | 0.3 | |
Werner Ressdorf | Independent | 143 | 0.1 | 114 | 0.1 | |
Other | 40 | 0.0 | 266 | 0.1 | ||
Valid votes | 218,123 | 99.8 | 198,150 | 99.6 | ||
Invalid votes | 540 | 0.2 | 751 | 0.4 | ||
Total | 218,663 | 100.0 | 198,901 | 100.0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 446,375 | 49.0 | 445,577 | 44.5 | ||
Source: City of Stuttgart (1st round, 2nd round) |
City council
The Stuttgart city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:
Party | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 3,694,305 | 26.3 | 2.3 | 16 | 2 | |
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 2,722,927 | 19.4 | 8.9 | 11 | 6 | |
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 1,632,732 | 11.6 | 2.7 | 7 | 2 | |
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 1,116,739 | 7.9 | 2.0 | 5 | 1 | |
Free Voters Baden-Württemberg (FW) | 995,622 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 4 | ±0 | |
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 856,335 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 4 | 1 | |
The Left (Die Linke) | 746,365 | 5.3 | 0.8 | 3 | ±0 | |
Stuttgart Ecological Social (SÖS) | 615,986 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 3 | ±0 | |
City People (Stadtisten) | 356,808 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2 | 1 | |
Youth List (JL) | 272,933 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 1 | ±0 | |
No Driving Ban for Stuttgart (KFiS) | 220,044 | 1.6 | New | 1 | New | |
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) | 207,970 | 1.5 | New | 1 | New | |
Pirate Party (Piraten) | 163,575 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1 | ±0 | |
Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutzpartei) | 145,525 | 1.0 | New | 1 | New | |
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | 101,475 | 0.7 | New | 0 | New | |
Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG) | 69,842 | 0.5 | New | 0 | New | |
Alliance Future Stuttgart 23 (BZS23) | 45,410 | 0.3 | New | 0 | New | |
Democracy in Motion (DiB) | 36,389 | 0.3 | New | 0 | New | |
Schertlens' Independent Citizens (SchUB) | 23,792 | 0.2 | New | 0 | New | |
Feminist List (FeLi) | 22,576 | 0.2 | New | 0 | New | |
Valid votes | 254,770 | 98.0 | ||||
Invalid votes | 5,247 | 2.0 | ||||
Total | 260,017 | 100.0 | 60 | ±0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 452,227 | 57.5 | 10.9 | |||
Source: City of Stuttgart |
City districts
The city of Stuttgart is administratively divided into 23 city districts[167] – five "inner" districts and 18 "outer" districts. Each district has a council headed by a district director. From there, the districts are broken down into quarters. Since the changes in city statutes on 1 July 2007 and 1 January 2009, the total number of quarters rose to 152.[168]
|
Economy
The Stuttgart area is known for its
– all of whom have their world or European headquarters here.Stuttgart is home to Germany's ninth biggest exhibition center,
Stuttgart has the highest general standard of prosperity of any city in Germany.[172] Its nominal GDP per capita is €57,100 and GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is €55,400. Total GDP of Stuttgart is €33.9 billion, of which service sector contributes around 65.3%, industry 34.5%, and agriculture 0.2%.[citation needed]
The cradle of the automobile
The automobile and motorcycle were purported to have been invented in Stuttgart (by
Science and research and development
The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organisations. No other region in Germany registers so many patents and designs as Stuttgart.
Financial services
The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt). Many leading companies in the financial services sector are headquartered in Stuttgart with around 100 credit institutes in total (e.g. LBBW Bank, Wüstenrot & Württembergische, Allianz Life Assurance).
A history of wine and beer
Stuttgart is the only city in Germany where wine grapes are grown within the urban area, mainly in the districts of Rotenberg, Uhlbach and Untertürkheim.
Wine-growing in the area dates back to 1108 when, according to State archives, Blaubeuren Abbey was given vineyards in Stuttgart as a gift from 'Monk Ulrich'. In the 17th century the city was the third largest German wine-growing community in the Holy Roman Empire. Wine remained Stuttgart's leading source of income well into the 19th century.
Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing cities with more than 400 hectares of vine area, thanks in main to its location at the center of Germany's fourth largest wine region, the Württemberg wine growing area which covers 11,522 ha (28,470 acres) and is one of only 13 official areas captured under German wine law. The continuing importance of wine to the local economy is marked every year at the annual wine festival ('Weindorf').
Stuttgart also has several famous breweries such as Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwaben Bräu.
Education
Stuttgart and its region have been home to some significant figures of German thought and literature, the most important ones being Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Hölderlin.
The city, in its engineering tradition as the cradle of the automobile, has also always been a fruitful place of research and innovation. Stuttgart has Germany's second-highest number of institutions (six) of applied research of the Fraunhofer Society (after Dresden).
Tertiary education
The city is not considered a traditional university city, but nevertheless has a variety of institutions of higher education. The most significant of them are:
- Heidelberg, Tübingen and Freiburg. Founded in 1829, it was a Technische Hochschule ("Technical University") until 1967, when it was renamed to "university". Its campus for social sciences and architecture is located in the city centre, near the main train station, while the natural science campus is in the southwestern city district of Vaihingen. Historically, it has been especially renowned for its faculty of architecture (Stuttgarter Schule). Today, its main focus is on engineering and other technical subjects.
- University of Hohenheim, founded in 1818 as an academy for agricultural science and forestry. While these subjects are still taught there today, its other focus today is on business administration. It is located in Hohenheim quarter of the southern city district of Plieningen.
- State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart, founded in 1857, located in the city center, next to the Neue Staatsgalerie
- State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart, one of the biggest art colleges in Germany, founded in 1761, located in the Killesberg quarter of the northern city district Stuttgart-Nord
- Stuttgart Media University(Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart), founded in 2001 as a university of applied sciences, a merger of the former College of Printing and Publishing and the College of Librarianship, located in Vaihingen
- Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart), founded in 1832 as a college for craftsmanship, university of applied sciences since 1971, located in the city center, near the University of Stuttgart's city-center campus
- University of Cooperative Education Baden-Württemberg, founded in 1974, with a focus on practical experience, subjects are business, technology and social work
Historically, an elite
Primary and secondary education
The first
The Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium was created in 1668 from a historical Latin School as a model high school with the goal of modernising education. Later, the Dillman-Gymnasium, Friedrich-Eugens-Gymnasium and Karls-Gymnasium emerged from it.
International School
Since 1985 Stuttgart is home to the International School of Stuttgart,[175] one of fewer than 100 schools worldwide that offer all three International Baccalaureate programs- the IB Primary Years (Early Learning to Grade 5), IB Middle Years (Grade 6 to 10), IB Diploma (grades 11–12).[176] The International School of Stuttgart is accredited by both the Council of International Schools and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.[177]
Media and publishing
One of the headquarters of the public Südwestrundfunk (SWR; Southwest Broadcasting) channels (several radio and one TV channel; regional focus on the southwestern German States of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate) is located in Stuttgart (the other ones being Baden-Baden and Mainz). It also has a Landesmedienzentrum, a state media center.
Furthermore, the city is a significant centre of publishing and specialist printing, with renowned houses such as
.The newspapers Stuttgarter Zeitung (StZ; regional, with significant supra-regional, national and international sections) and Stuttgarter Nachrichten (StN; regional) are published here as well as a number of smaller, local papers such as Cannstatter Zeitung.
As is the case wherever the US military is stationed, there is an
Transport
Following the suit of other German cities such as Berlin,
Local transport
Stuttgart has a
A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the Zahnradbahn, a rack railway that is powered by electricity and operates between Marienplatz in the southern inner-city district of the city and the district of Degerloch. It is the only urban rack railway in Germany. Stuttgart also has a Standseilbahn, a funicular railway that operates in the Heslach area and the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof). In Killesberg Park, on a prominent hill overlooking the city, there is the miniature railway run by diesel (and on weekends with steam).
Rail links
Stuttgart is a hub in the
Long-distance trains stop at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city's main line terminus, which is also used by Interregio-Express, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn trains for services to stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. The local rail networks (see above) operate underneath the terminus.[citation needed]
Stuttgart also has its own rail freight centre with
Rail: The Stuttgart 21 project
After years of political debate and controversy, plans were approved in October 2007 to convert the existing above-ground main train station to an underground through station. The Stuttgart 21 project will include the rebuilding of surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart's enclosed central valley with existing railway and underground lines. Building work started in 2010 with controversial modifications to the Hauptbahnhof and was slated to be completed in 2019, then 2021 and now 2025.
Air transport
Stuttgart is served by Stuttgart Airport (German: Flughafen Stuttgart, IATA airport code STR), an international airport approximately 13 km (8 mi) south of the city centre on land belonging mainly to neighboring towns. It takes 30 minutes to reach the airport from the city center using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3 or Stadtbahn line U6. Stuttgart airport is Germany's only international airport with one runway. Despite protests and local initiatives, surveys are currently underway to assess the impact of a second runway.[182]
Road transport
Stuttgart is served by Autobahn A8, that runs east–west from Karlsruhe to Munich, and Autobahn A81 that runs north–south from Würzburg to Singen. The Autobahn A831 is a short spur entering the southern side of Stuttgart.
Besides these Autobahns, Stuttgart is served by a large number of expressways, many of which are built to Autobahn standards, and were once intended to carry an A-number. Important expressways like B10, B14, B27 and B29 connect Stuttgart with its suburbs. Due to the hilly surroundings, there are many road tunnels in and around Stuttgart. There are also a number of road tunnels under intersections in the center of Stuttgart.
Waterways
Stuttgart has an inland port in Hedelfingen on the Neckar.
Sport
Football
As in many parts of Germany, football is the most popular sport in Stuttgart which is home to 'The Reds' and 'The Blues'. 'The Reds', VfB Stuttgart, are the most famous and popular local club. An established team currently playing in the German Bundesliga, VfB was founded in 1893 and has won five German titles since 1950, most recently in 1992 and 2007. VfB is based at the MHPArena in Bad Cannstatt.
'The Blues',
Other lower-division football teams are Sportfreunde Stuttgart – most famous for taking part in the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908, considered the first World Cup[183] – and FV Zuffenhausen.
Other sports
Since 2008, the women's volleyball team Allianz MTV Stuttgart (until 2010 Allianz Volley Stuttgart, until 2012 Smart Allianz Stuttgart) plays in the Deutsche Volleyball-Bundesliga. They became German champions in 2019 and 2022, having previously been runners-up four times in a row from 2015 to 2018, and also won the German cup four times and reached the final of CEV Cup. CJD Feuerbach was German champion in women's volleyball three times. The club withdrew its first team from the Bundesliga in 1996 for financial reasons.
Stuttgart has two major ice hockey teams. Stuttgart Rebels EC, plays in the "Landesliga" (4th tier) at the Waldau ice rink in Degerloch. The Bietigheim Bissingen Steelers play in the first division of the DEL. The Steelers play in the new Ege Trans Arena in Bietigheim.
The strongest local water polo team is SV Cannstatt, which won the German championship in 2006.
Stuttgart has three
TC Weissenhof is a Stuttgart-based women's tennis team that has won the German championship four times. Another women's team is TEC Waldau Stuttgart (German champions in 2006).
HTC Stuttgarter Kickers is one of the most successful field hockey clubs in Germany, having won the German championship in 2005 and a European title in 2006.
Stuttgart has also hosted the Stihl Timbersports Series in world logging championships.
Locally renowned for their zeal are the "Stuttgart Valley Roller Girls".
Sporting events
Stuttgart has a reputation for staging major events, including the FIFA World Cup 1974, the finals stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1985, the UEFA Euro 1988, and the World Championships in Athletics 1993. It was also one of the twelve host cities of the FIFA World Cup 2006. Six matches, three of them second round matches, including the third and fourth place playoff, were played at the Gottlieb Daimler Stadium (today MHPArena). Stuttgart was also 2007 European Capital of Sport,[184] hosting events such as the UCI World Cycling Championships Road Race and the IAAF World Athletics Final.
Other famous sports venues are the Weissenhof tennis courts, where the annual
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Stuttgart is twinned with:[185]
- St Helens, United Kingdom (1948)
- Cardiff, United Kingdom (1955)
- St. Louis, United States (1960)
- Strasbourg, France (1962)
- Mumbai, India (1968)
- Menzel Bourguiba, Tunisia (1971)
- Cairo, Egypt (1979)
- Łódź, Poland (1988)
- Brno, Czech Republic (1989)
- Samara, Russia (1992)
The city district of Bad Cannstatt is twinned with:[186]
- Újbuda (Budapest), Hungary
The city district of Vaihingen is twinned with:[186]
- Melun, France
The city district of Zuffenhausen is twinned with:[186]
- La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, France
Friendships
Stuttgart has friendly relations with:[186]
- Ōgaki, Japan
- Nanjing, China
- Shavei Tzion, Israel
People
In popular culture
Gaming
- In the 2003 video game Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour, GLA forces attacked the US base in Stuttgart in their final mission. In the first Chinese mission, the player must reclaim the city from the GLA.[187]
- Mr. Ludwig, more commonly known as the Medic in Valve's 2007 first-person shooter game Team Fortress 2 is a native of Stuttgart,[188] but was raised in Rottenburg am Neckar.[189]
- In the 2008 adventure game episode Sam & Max: Night of the Raving Dead, the title characters travel to Stuttgart to kill a vampire.[190]
- Reinhardt, one of the tank classes in Blizzard's 2016 team based shooter Overwatch, originates from Stuttgart. Furthermore, the game also features the map Eichenwalde, which is a fictional castle town near the city.[191]
Novels
- In the 2005 novel The Book Thief, protagonist Max Vandenburg resides in Stuttgart until his flight later in the book.[192]
TV and cinema
- In the 2012 film The Avengers, the villain Loki is tracked to a gala in Stuttgart, where he intends to steal a large quantity of iridium for his schemes. These scenes were actually filmed in Cleveland, Ohio, and a number of Stuttgart residents noted the errors in the film's depiction of the city.[193]
Gallery
-
Stuttgart from Weinsteige Road
-
The Markthalle Stuttgart (Stuttgart Market Hall)
-
The 216 m (709 ft) Fernsehturm Stuttgart (Stuttgart Television Tower) at night
-
Castle Rosenstein
-
Neues Schlossat night
-
The Hegel Museum, birthplace of Hegel
-
Stuttgart annualChristmas Market
-
Old downtown area of Stuttgart
-
Romantic view on the downtown area seen from upper Lenzhalde
-
The Haus der Wirtschaft (House of Commerce)
-
Schlossplatz
-
The grave chapel atop the Württemberg
-
The mild climate and hilly landscape are perfect forvineyardsnear Obertürkheim.
-
View of Stuttgart from atop the Birkenkopf
-
View from the Killesbergpark
-
Neckar river flowing through Hedelfingen and Obertürkheim
-
Vineyards on the Neckar river in the Mühlhausen area of Stuttgart during the Autumn of 2006
Notes
- ^ Sixth in Germany behind Munich, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Berlin, and Hamburg[8]
- ^ 10th in Europe and third in Germany, behind Munich and Berlin[9]
- ^ The history of Stuttgart's coat of arms is long. The Chorographia Württemberg of 1591 shows a horse rampant facing sinister on a field argent. Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 (p. 225) has the modern coat of arms, with the horse facing dexter, on a field or. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the Porsche logo in 1952).
- ^ This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a Herzog.
- ^ Of those, 67.8% of the residential buildings and 75% of the Industrial structures were destroyed.[99]
- ^ "When French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized ... The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Württemberg while keeping the lion's share for themselves ... French soldiers' behaviour in Stuttgart, where some 3,000 women and 8 men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines."[103]
- ^ Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell, 9 May 1976.
- ^ The nature of Stuttgart's hilly landscape often makes changes in the city's height. By the Neckar, the elevation is about 207 m (679 ft), whereas the highest elevation Bernhartshöhe is 549 m (1,801 ft) – something rather unique in large German cities.
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Further reading
- Published in the 19th century
- "Stuttgart", Southern Germany and Austria (2nd ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1871, OL 20619468M, retrieved 10 February 2016
- W. Pembroke Fetridge (1881), "Stuttgart", Harper's Hand-book for Travellers in Europe and the East, New York: Harper & Brothers, retrieved 10 February 2016
- Published in the 20th century
- "Stuttgart", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, &c (9th ed.), Berlin: J.H. Herz, 1908, OCLC 36795367, retrieved 10 February 2016
- Hagel, Jürgen: Mensch und Natur im Stuttgarter Raum. Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-87407-385-8.
- Hagel, Jürgen: Das Paradies des Neckars Bad Cannstatt. In: Wolfgang Niess, Sönke Lorenz (Hrsg.): Kult-Bäder und Bäderkultur in Baden-Württemberg. Markstein-Verlag, Filderstadt 2004, ISBN 3-935129-16-5.
- Kreh, Ulrike: Naturdenkmale Stuttgart. Naturschätze vor der Haustüre. Hrsg. v. Amt für Umweltschutz der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart. verlag regionalkultur Ubstadt-Weiher, 2005, ISBN 3-89735-405-5.
- ISBN 3-458-17158-4.
- Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): Das Bosch-Areal. Verlag Karl Krämer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7828-1613-7.
- Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): Stuttgart… wohin? Band 2, mit Beiträgen von Max Bächer, Helmut Böhme, Otto Borst, Hermann Hesse, Timo John, Wolfgang Kil, Arno Lederer, Roland Ostertag, Frei Otto, Hannelore Schlaffer, Walter Siebel, Klaus Töpfer. Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7828-4042-9.
- Schaefer, Albert T.: Stuttgart Panorama. Mit Texten von Manfred Rommel. edition braus, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-89904-224-7(Fotoband).
- Schäfer, Hartmut: Befunde aus der "Archäologischen Wüste:" Die Stiftskirche und das Alte Schloss in Stuttgart. Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 31, 2002, S. 249–258.
- Zelzer, Maria (Hrsg.): Stuttgart unterm Hakenkreuz. Chronik 1933–1945. Cordeliers, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-608-91931-7.
External links
- Stuttgart travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Geographic data related to Stuttgart at OpenStreetMap
- Official website
- Official tourism
- Tourist attractions
- Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen Porsche Town
- Stuttgart International Airport
- International School of Stuttgart
- Stuttgart-Stammheim homepage
- Stuttgart's public transportation system
- Stuttgart-American Expatriate Spouses Group