Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou
Republic of China 中華民國 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1921–1922 | |||||||||||||
Capital | Guangzhou | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Chinese language | ||||||||||||
Government | Presidential system | ||||||||||||
Great President | |||||||||||||
• 1921–1923 | Sun Yat-sen | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
17 July 1917 | |||||||||||||
• Creation | 2 April 1921 | ||||||||||||
• End | 16 June 1922 | ||||||||||||
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The Government of the Republic of China (Chinese: 廣州中華民國政府) was the government that led the Second Constitutional Protection Movement. The military junta was replaced by a presidential system.
History
After Sun Yat-sen left Guangzhou on 21 May 1918, he returned to Guangzhou on 28 November 1920, reorganized the southern military government, and began the Second Constitutional Protection Movement. On 12 January 1921, the Extraordinary Congress resumed its meeting in Guangzhou. On 2 April, the Extraordinary Congress met and announced the abolition of the southern military government, claiming to form the government of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen was elected "Great President" on 7 April, and he took office in Guangzhou on 5 May.
After his election, Sun Yat-sen issued separate statements at home and abroad, and wrote an open letter to
- Minister of Foreign Affairs Wu Tingfang
- Minister of Finance Tang Shaoyi
- Secretary of the Army Chen Jiongming
- Minister of the Interior Chen Jiongming
- Secretary of the Navy Tang Tingguang
- Chief of Staff Li Liejun
- Secretary-General Ma Junwu
- General Senate and Chief Civil Officer Hu Hanmin
- President Xu Shaozhen
- Political Minister Hu Hanmin
- Governor of Guangdong Chen Jiongming
After Sun Yat-sen took office, the main force was the Northern Expedition to unify China. However, Sun Yat-sen's idea of the Northern Expedition was opposed by Chen Jiongming, who had risen to prominence in Guangzhou through the development of the Guangdong Army. Chen Jiongming advocated joint provincial autonomy – proposed by Hunan warlord Tan Yankai – and a federal system. Chen Jiongming advocated "suspending the military", implementing inter-provincial autonomy to secure territory, "establishing the provincial constitution first," and building Guangdong. But Sun Yat-sen believed that "inter-provincial autonomy" recognized the status quo of the regime of the Beiyang government, and in essence would still be a disguised warlord regime. Sun Yat-sen implemented the strategy of unifying the country by force, and eventually clashed with Chen Jiongming.
In April 1922,
After the end of the
Chen Jiongming took the final step on 13 June 1922, convening a meeting with Ye Ju and others in
After the June 16 Incident, Sun Yat-sen continued to serve as the extraordinary president.
On 19 January 1923, Sun Yat-sen handed over power to Hu Hanmin, Li Liejun, Wei Bangping, Xu Chongzhi, and Zou Lu to collectively take full powers as president. On 21 February, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou again and set up the Army and Navy Marshal stronghold.