Guangzhou

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Coordinates: 23°07′48″N 113°15′36″E / 23.13000°N 113.26000°E / 23.13000; 113.26000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Guangzhou (disambiguation) or Canton.

Guangzhou
广州
Canton; Kwangchow
Cantonese, Standard Chinese
Websitegz.gov.cn
Guangzhou
Hanyu Pinyin
Guǎngzhōuⓘ
Cantonese YaleGwóngjāuⓘ
Hanyu Pinyin
Suì
Cantonese YaleSeuih

Guangzhou[a] is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.[8] Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the Silk Road.[9]

The port of Guangzhou serves as transportation hub and Guangzhou is one of China's three largest cities.[10] For a long time it was the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders. Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War and no longer enjoyed a monopoly after the war; consequently it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major Entrepôt. Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic, Guangzhou is classified as a Large-Port Megacity, the largest type of port city in the world. Following the Second Battle of Chuenpi in 1841, the Treaty of Nanking was signed between Sir Robert Peel on behalf of Queen Victoria and Lin Zexu on behalf of Emperor Xuanzong and has ceded Hong Kong to the United Kingdom on 26 January 1841 after the agreement of the Convention of Chuenpi.[11] Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, the major airport of Guangzhou, briefly became the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020.[12]

Guangzhou is at the heart of the

Zengcheng).[2] Guangzhou is the fifth most populous city by urban resident population in China after Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing.[18]

In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual

Asia-Pacific finance hub, ranking 21st globally in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index.[22] As an important international city, Guangzhou has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2010 Asian Games, the 2010 Asian Para Games, and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. The city hosts 65 foreign representatives, making it the major city hosting the third most foreign representatives in China, after Beijing and Shanghai.[23][24] As of 2020, Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China—after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen—for the number of billionaire residents by the Hurun Global Rich List.[25]

Guangzhou is a major Asia-Pacific research and development hub with a high level of scientific research output, ranking 8th globally and 4th in the Asia-Pacific,[26] and is home to many of China's most prestigious universities, including Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology, Jinan University, South China Normal University, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou University, Southern Medical University, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Medical University, and Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.[27][28][29]

Toponymy

Taoist
temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams"

Guǎngzhōu is the official

character 廣 or 广
means 'broad' or 'expansive'.

Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu (Punyü;

one of Guangzhou's districts not far from the main city. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered,[30] including that it may have referred to two local mountains.[31][32] The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh[33] as Khanfu (خانفو).[34] Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang Fu (興王府).[35][36]

The

Immortals" (仙城/五仙城) came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers (花城
) is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's fine greenery.

The English name "Canton" derived from

language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name was "Kwang-chow foo".[41]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Guangzhou.

Prehistory

Nanyue King Museum

A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC.

emperor of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[44][45]

Nanyue

Guangzhou, then known as Panyu, was founded on the eastern bank of the

Pearl River in 214 BC.[41] Ships commanded by tradespersons arrived on the South China coast in the late antiquity. Surviving records from the Tang dynasty confirm, that the residents of Panyu observed a range of trade missions. Records on foreign trade ships reach upon til the late 20th century.[46]

Panyu was the seat of

a massive riverine and seaborne war: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu[51] took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.[50]

Imperial China

Canton in the early 1800s
View of Pazhou in 1810

Incorporated into the

Parsis.[62][63] The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.[54]

Amid the

Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his journey around the world in the 14th century.[67] He detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.[68]

Shortly after the

tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.[72]

Following the

Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.[89]

Nieuhof's imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton",[90] made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city

In October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother, Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the Ming empire. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes.[91] He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on January 20, 1647, when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成棟) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.[92]

The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of

porcelain.[94] As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.[98]

In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the

courtyards as a kind of warehouse.[41] The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 mi (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.[99]

Henan, Pazhou, Changzhou, and Xiaoguwei
in 1841

The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the

a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai.[102][103]

The concession for the

Beijing–Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge
in 1957.

Modern China

Revolutions

During the late Qing dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the

Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 Martyrs
at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.

Republic of China

After the assassination of

Zhili Clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government
in the city for the third time.

From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang (KMT) used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.

In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The

Whampoa Military Academy.[107] In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre
.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader

April 12 Incident. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen, resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui, a general supportive of the Wuhan faction, seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei's faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising. Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to Li Jishen
.

Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the

WW2, the "Canton Operation" subjected the city to Japanese
occupation by the end of December 1938.

People's Republic of China

Amid the closing months before total Communist victory, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government. Guangzhou was captured on October 14, 1949. Amid a massive exodus to

Macau, defeated Nationalist forces blew up the Haizhu Bridge
across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city, with many of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.

The

opening up under Deng Xiaoping
. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city's industrialization and economic development.

The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with

Zengcheng
counties were upgraded to districts.

On 16 June 2022 an EF2 tornado struck the city, causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city's subway lines.[112][113][114]

History of Guangzhou

Geography

Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON) 廣州) in surrounding region (AMS, 1954)
Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou

The old town of Guangzhou was near

4th-largest river of China.[116] Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary, however, many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture.[117] Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).[10][118][why?
]

The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front.

above sea level
.

Natural resources

There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.[119]

Water resources

The main characteristics of Guangzhou's water resources are that there are relatively few local water resources and relatively abundant transit water resources. The city's water area is 74,400 hectares, accounting for 10.05% of the city's land area. The main rivers include Beijiang, Dongjiang North Mainstream, Zengjiang, Liuxi River, Baini River, Pearl River Guangzhou Reach, Shiqiao Waterway, and Shawan Waterway. Beijiang, The Dongjiang River flows through Guangzhou City and merges with the Pearl River to flow into the sea. The local average total water resources is 7.979 billion cubic meters, including 7.881 billion cubic meters of surface water and 1.487 billion cubic meters of groundwater. Calculated based on the amount of local water resources and the permanent population counted in the sixth census in 2010, there are 1.0601 million cubic meters of water resources per square kilometer, with an average of 628 cubic meters per capita, which is one-half of the country's per capita water resources. The amount of water resources for transit passengers is 186.024 billion cubic meters, which is 23 times the total local water resources. The passenger water resources are mainly concentrated in the southern Wanghe District and Zengcheng District. The passenger water resources diverted from the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers into Guangzhou City are 159.15 billion cubic meters, and the passenger water resources diverted from the Dongjiang River into the north mainstream of the Dongjiang River are 14.203 billion cubic meters. meters and the water inflow from the upper reaches of the Zengjiang River is 2.828 billion cubic meters. The southern river network area is in the tidal influence area, with large runoff and a strong tidal effect. The three major entrances of the Pearl River, Humen, Jiaomen, and Hongqili, enter the Lingding Ocean and exit the South China Sea in the south of Guangzhou City. The annual high tide volume is 271 billion cubic meters and the annual ebb tide volume is 408.8 billion cubic meters. The annual runoff of the three major entrances is 137.7 billion cubic meters. Compared with meters, the annual tide can bring a large amount of water, part of which is freshwater resources that can be utilized.[120]

Biological Resources

Cultivated crops in Guangzhou have the distinctive characteristics of the transition from the tropics to the subtropics, and it is one of the richest regions in China in terms of fruit tree resources, including three major categories of tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones, 41 families, 82 genera and 174 species, totaling more than 500 varieties (among which there are 55 major varieties of lychee). It is the center of origin and variety of lychee, longan, yellow skin, black (white) olive, and so on. Vegetables are known for their high quality and variety, with 15 major categories, 127 species, and more than 370 varieties. Flowers include fresh cut flowers (fresh cut flowers, fresh cut leaves, fresh cut branches), potted plants (potted flowers, bonsai, flower bed plants), ornamental seedlings, edible and medicinal flowers, industrial and other uses of flowers, lawns, seedlings, etc. More than 3,000 traditional varieties and in recent years the introduction of new varieties, development, and utilization. Grain, cash crops, livestock, poultry, aquatic products, wild animals, and a wide variety of famous and excellent varieties, including Zengcheng Simiao rice is the first protected variety in Guangzhou City to obtain geographical indications.[121]

Mineral Resources

The geological structure of Guangzhou City is quite complex, with good conditions for mineralization. Forty-seven kinds of minerals (including subspecies) have been discovered, with 820 mineral sites and 25 large and medium-sized mining areas. The main minerals are granite for construction, limestone for cement, ceramic clay, potassium, sodium feldspar, salt mines, manganese, nepheline orthoclase, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and thermal mineral water. Energy minerals and non-ferrous minerals in the area are in short supply, sporadically distributed, small in scale, and unstable in grade.[121] ,

Climate

Despite being located just south of the

Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.4 °C (102.9 °F).[123] The last recorded snowfall in the city was on January 24, 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.[124]

Climate data for Guangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.1
(89.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		39.4
(102.9) 		38.9
(102.0) 		39.1
(102.4) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.2
(97.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		26.9
(80.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		22.4
(72.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.7
(62.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		19.3
(66.7)
Record low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.1
(2.01) 		56.1
(2.21) 		101.0
(3.98) 		193.8
(7.63) 		329.0
(12.95) 		364.9
(14.37) 		242.6
(9.55) 		270.3
(10.64) 		203.2
(8.00) 		67.3
(2.65) 		37.4
(1.47) 		33.4
(1.31) 		1,950.1
(76.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.2 9.4 13.8 15.3 17.4 19.4 17.0 16.8 12.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 145.4
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		72 76 80 82 81 82 79 80 77 70 69 67 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 112.9 77.5 61.6 69.1 103.4 127.5 179.0 166.4 167.0 182.2 159.7 152.7 1,559
Percent possible sunshine 33 24 17 18 25 32 43 42 46 51 49 46 36
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center [125][126][127] all-time extreme temperature[123]

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou

Guangzhou is a

districts
:

Administrative divisions of Guangzhou
Division
code[128] 		Division Area
(km2)[129] 		Population
(2022)[130] 		Seat Postal
code 		Subdivisions[131]
Subdistricts
Towns
 Residential
communities
Administrative
villages
440100 Guangzhou 7,434.40 18,734,100
Yuexiu
 510000 136 34 1533 1142
440103
Liwan
 59.10 1,123,700 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22   195  
440104
Yuexiu
 33.80 1,028,500 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18   267  
440105
Haizhu
 90.40 1,798,300 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18   257  
440106
Tianhe
 96.33 2,221,700 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21   205  
440111
Baiyun
 795.79 3,637,000 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118
440112
Huangpu
 484.17 1,191,800 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28
440113
Panyu
 529.94 2,807,400 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177
440114
Huadu
 970.04 1,706,200 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188
440115 Nansha 783.86 929,400 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128
440117
Conghua
 1,974.50 739,700 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221
440118
Zengcheng
 1,616.47 1,550,400 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282

Economy

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the

nominal GDP in 2035 (together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics,[134] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above $42,000 in 2030.[135] Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally (between Washington, D.C., and Amsterdam) and 8th in the whole Asia & Oceania region (behind Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Shenzhen and Dubai) in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI).[22]
Owing to rapid industrialization, it was once also considered a rather polluted city. After green urban planning was implemented, it is now one of the most livable cities in China.

Zhujiang New Town

Tianhe District
. Multiple financial institutions are headquartered in this area.

  • Zhujiang New Town
    Zhujiang New Town
  • Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
    Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
  • Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
    Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
  • Haixin Bridge and Canton Tower near Zhujiang New Town
    Haixin Bridge and Canton Tower near Zhujiang New Town
  • Zhujiang New Town at night
    Zhujiang New Town at night

Canton Fair

The

Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1
. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases.

Local products

Industry

Automobile manufacturer GAC Group headquartered in Guangzhou
Automobile manufacturer GAC Group headquartered in Guangzhou
  • GAC Group
  • Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone
    The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km2 (0.53 sq mi).[137] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 km (34 mi) (a 70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal.
  • Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
    The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of
    Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.[138] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software. Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District. Next to the industries above, new sectors are being introduced to the business environment, including new energy, AI, new mobility, new materials, information and communication technology and new transport. It is also home to the Guangzhou IP Court.[139]
  • Guangzhou Science City

Business Environment

Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses. According to an article by China Briefing, over 30,000 foreign-invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city.[140]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950[141]2,567,645—    
1960[141]3,683,104+43.4%
1970[141]4,185,363+13.6%
1980[141]5,018,638+19.9%
1990[141]5,942,534+18.4%
2000[141]9,943,000+67.3%
2002[142]10,106,229+1.6%
2005[143]9,496,800−6.0%
2006[143]9,966,600+4.9%
2007[143]10,530,100+5.7%
2008[143]11,153,400+5.9%
2009[143]11,869,700+6.4%
2010[141]12,701,948+7.0%
2011[144]12,751,400+0.4%
2012[144]12,832,900+0.6%
2013[144]12,926,800+0.7%
2014[144]13,080,500+1.2%
201814,904,400+13.9%
Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions.

The

hukouless migrants.[147]

Ethnicity and language

Most of Guangzhou's population is

forms of Mandarin.[147] In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,[150] although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well.[citation needed] In 2018, He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.[151] Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69% could still speak and understand Cantonese, 20% can understand Cantonese, but unable to speak it, and 11% completely had no knowledge of Cantonese. Jinan University's study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese, roughly 40%-50% of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51.4% of them in mobile games, 47% in Social Platforms, 44.1% in TV shows, and 39.8% in Books and Newspapers. Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese, it is faring better in survival, popularity, and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture, as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment, which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language.[152][153] As of the 2020s, additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language. In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng, the report showed that 90% of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin, though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces, which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country's official language.[154][155] Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.[156][157][158]

Guangzhou also possesses a large resident population who are

Hakka population: Zengcheng District, Huadu District, Conghua District, Baiyun District, Tianhe District, Yuexiu District and Panyu District. It is estimated that in Zengcheng district and Huadu district of Guangzhou, Hakka speakers account for about 40 percent and a third of the district's population.[159][160]

Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.[156]

According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and is particularly important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al.,2004]. Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life.

household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution.[162] In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.[163]

Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century

Chinese diaspora; in fact, many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States,[164] Canada,[165] and Australia
.

Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by

Democratic Republic of Congo.[166]

Metropolitan area

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 25 million.[167][168]

Development of Guangzhou

ScienceDirect provides a report on their website of the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020, showing how in 1990, the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated in a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had a smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands. However, from 2005 until 2020, other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report, it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities.[169][170]

Transportation

Urban mass transit

Main article: Guangzhou Metro
Guangzhou Metro
Guangzhou Metro

When the first line of the

Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of sixteen lines, covering a total length of 652.81 km (405.64 mi).[171] A long-term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation. In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on December 31, 2014.[172]

The

Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest bus rapid transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily.[173] It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota.[174]
The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.

Motor transport

See also: List of bus routes in Guangzhou
Buses in Guangzhou
Buses in Guangzhou

In the 19th century, the city already had over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow.[41] In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.[175]

In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.[176] At present[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.[citation needed]

Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated.[177] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.[178]

Airports

Baiyun International Airport
Terminal 2

Guangzhou's main airport is the

Baiyun District; it opened on August 5, 2004.[179] This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city's rapidly growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned.[180] Terminal 2 opened on April 26, 2018.[181] Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning.[182]

Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier.[183] There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA.[184]

Rail

Further information: Guangzhou railway station, Guangzhou East railway station, Guangzhou South railway station, Guangzhou North railway station, and Guangzhou Baiyun railway station

Guangzhou is the terminus of the

Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing intercity railway
.

Water transport

There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.

Culture

Guangzhou Opera House

Guangzhou's culture is mainly

Lingnan" culture, followed by Hakka culture.[186] Notable aspects of Cantonese cultural
heritage include:

The

rock-and-roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong
.

It is worth noting that

Hakka
culture and language.

In the Hakka people inhabited areas of Guangzhou, Hakka culture has been well developed and preserved, and in the long history, the integration of Canton culture and Hakka culture has derived new cultural characteristics. Zengcheng, Guangzhou is a district with a history of more than 1800 years, with the harmonious coexistence of Canton culture and Hakka culture, the derived food culture has not only the non-heritage food such as Zhengguo Wonton, Lanxi Rice Noodle, and Goose Soup, but also the special food such as Yuecun Dace Fish Skin, Paitan Roasted Chicken, and Shitan Whole Cattle Banquet.[189]

Religions

Before the postmodern era, Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.

Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community,[190][191] as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.[clarification needed
]

Taoism

Zhong Yuan Festival
.

Buddhism

Northern Song.[citation needed] The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing dynasty
.

The temples were badly damaged by both the

Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery
.

Christianity

Patriotic Church
.

Islam

Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the

Parsis.[62][63] Nowadays, the city is home to halal restaurants.[197]

Sports

Guangdong Olympic Stadium

The 11,468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was a 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup venue.[198]

From November 12 to 27, 2010, Guangzhou hosted the

16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted.[199]

Tianhe Stadium

Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:

Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:

Sports League Tier Club Stadium
Soccer
 China League One 2nd Guangzhou Huadu Stadium
Esports (Overwatch) Overwatch League 1st Guangzhou Charge Tianhe Gymnasium
Basketball Chinese Basketball Association 1st Guangzhou Loong Lions Tianhe Gymnasium
Baseball China Baseball League 1st Guangdong Leopards Tianhe Sports Center baseball field
Guangzhou Baoneng Qoros Arena

In the 2010s, Guangzhou became a Chinese soccer powerhouse, having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019. The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona, respectively.[200]

Restaurants

In the 1990s the local press prolifically published reviews of restaurants in Guangzhou. The local newspapers introduced

daily newspaper.[201]

Destinations

Eight Views

Main articles:
Eight Views of Guangzhou
Canton Tower[202]

The

Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:[citation needed
]

official flower

Parks and gardens

  • Baiyun Mountain
  • Nansha Wetland Park
  • People's Park
  • South China Botanical Garden
  • Yuexiu Park
  • Guangdong Tree Park
  • Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园; 東山湖公園)
  • Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园; 流花湖公園)
  • Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园; 荔灣湖公園)
  • Luhu Park (麓湖公园; 麓湖公園)
  • Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园; 廣州起義烈士陵園)
  • Pearl River Park (珠江公园; 珠江公園)
  • Yuntai Garden (云台花园; 雲臺花園)
  • Shimen National Forest Park(石门国家森林公园; 石門國家森林公園)
  • Haizhu Lake Park(海珠湖公园; 海珠湖公園)

Tourist attractions

Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall

Guangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year, and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018.[203] There are many tourist attractions, including:

Pedestrian streets

In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks; however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets.

Shangxiajiu
Pedestrian Street

The popular pedestrian streets are:

Malls and shopping centers

There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou. The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district.

Par Central
Aerial view of Parc Central Mall

Major buildings

Main article:
List of historic buildings in Guangzhou
  • Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China
    Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China
  • Aiqun Hotel, Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967
    Aiqun Hotel
    , Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967
  • Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian
    Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on
    Shamian
  • The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925
    The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925
  • The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History
    The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History
  • Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (left) and CTF (right)
    Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (left) and CTF (right)

Media

Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial

Mandarin Chinese. However, in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. The Beijing-based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city. Radio Guangdong has a 30-minute weekly English programs, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network
. Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong.

Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in

That's PRD
, producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well. It also produces In the Red.

Education and research

Sun Yat-sen University
South China Agricultural University
Guangzhou Library

The

Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 km2 (7 sq mi). The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers, and 50,000 staff.[204]

As of June 2023, Guangzhou hosts 84 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 2nd nationwide after Beijing and 1st in South China region.[205] The city has many highly ranked educational institutions, with seven universities listed in 147 National Key Universities under the Double First-Class Construction, ranking fourth nationwide (after Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing). Guangzhou is also an important hub for international students and it was ranked 110th globally by the QS Best Student Cities Rankings in 2023.[206]

Guangzhou is a major Asia-Pacific R&D hub, ranking 8th globally, 4th in the Asia & Oceania regions after (Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing) and 1st in South Central China region.[207]

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center's higher education campuses are as follows:

Guangzhou's other fully accredited and degree-granting universities and colleges include:

The two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou. The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town, which fully opened on June 23, 2013.[208] Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China.[209]

Further information: Guangzhou High School

Notable people

  • Choh Hao Li (1913–1987), American biochemist, expert on hormones
  • Zhi Cong Li (born 1993), racing driver
  • Xiao Ping Liang (born 1959), internationally exhibited calligrapher
  • Kuang Sunmou (1863–?), railway engineer, businessman, and bureaucrat
  • Bolo Yeung (born July 3, 1946), Hong Kong martial artist, competitive bodybuilder, and film actor
  • Qi Yuwu (born November 28, 1976), actor based in Singapore
  • Donnie Yen (born 27 July 1963), Hong Kong martial artist, action director and choreographer, and film director and actor

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Consulates General/consulates

See also: List of diplomatic missions in China

As of April 2023, Guangzhou hosts 68 foreign consulates-general/consulates, excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office, making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai.[23][24]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
  1. ^ The other seven are the cuisines of Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang.[188]

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Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Guangzhou.
Wikisource has several original texts related to Guangzhou.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Guangzhou.
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N/A
 Capital of Nanyue
Nanyue
204–111 BC 		Succeeded by
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Preceded by Capital of China
Republic of China
July 1, 1925 – February 21, 1927 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Capital of China
Republic of China
May 28, 1931 – December 22, 1931 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Capital of China
Republic of China
April 23, 1949 – October 14, 1949 		Succeeded by