Hu Hanmin

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In this Chinese name, the family name is Hu.
Hu Hanmin
胡漢民
Chairman of Kuomintang
In office
7 December 1935 – 12 May 1936
Preceded byWu Zhihui, Li Shizeng
Succeeded byChiang Kai-shek
President of the Legislative Yuan
In office
8 October 1928 – 2 March 1931
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byLin Sen
Personal details
Born9 December 1879
Republic of China
Cause of deathIntracerebral hemorrhage
NationalityRepublic of China
Political partyKuomintang
(Western Hills Group)
OccupationPhilosopher, politician
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Hu Hanmin (traditional Chinese: 胡漢民; simplified Chinese: 胡汉民; pinyin: Hú Hànmín; Jyutping: Wu4 Hon3 Man4; 9 December 1879 – 12 May 1936) was a Chinese philosopher and politician who was one of the early conservative right-wing faction leaders in the Kuomintang (KMT) during revolutionary China.

Biography

Hu was of

Hakka descent from Ji'an, Jiangxi. Trần Xuân Sinh claimed that Hu Hanmin could be the descendant of Hồ Hán Thương, the second monarch of the Hồ dynasty of Vietnam.[1] His father had moved to Panyu, Guangdong, to take up an official post.[citation needed
]

He qualified as a

Second Revolution of 1913 and, after its failure, followed Sun Yat-sen to Japan. There they founded the Kuomintang
(Chinese Nationalist Party). Hu lived in Guangdong from 1917 to 1921 and worked for Sun Yat-sen, first as Minister of Transport and later as Chief Adviser.

Hu Hanmin visited Kemalist Turkey and was greatly inspired by the revolutionary nationalist ideals of Kemalism. Hu hoped that Chiang would model his republic on Atatürk's, with limited military involvement in politics.[2][3]

Hu was elected to the Central Executive Committee at the Kuomintang's first conference in January 1924. In September he acted as vice-generalissimo when Sun Yat-sen left

Ninghan split in 1927, Hu supported Chiang Kai-shek and was head of the Legislative Yuan
in Nanjing.

Despite agreeing to cooperate with Chiang's government, Hu opposed Chiang's domination of political power, and instead advocated for power to be exercised by the party. Hu also clashed with Chiang over Chiang's offer to give major governmental positions to warlord

Zhang Xueliang in exchange for Zhang's loyalty, an offer which Hu denounced as a "dirty deal". Hu and Chiang's cooperation fell apart when Wang Jingwei, who had rebelled against Chiang's government, introduced a draft constitution in October 1930. In response to Wang, Chiang broke his previous agreement with Hu to hold off the promulgation of his own Provisional Constitution. Hu, fearing that a constitution would sideline the role of the disciples of Sun Yat-sen in implementing his teachings as the law of the land, and that Chiang would use the Constitution to legalize his monopoly on power, strongly criticized the plan.[5]

Later, on 28 February 1931, Hu was placed under house arrest by Chiang because of disputes over the new Provisional Constitution. Internal party pressure forced Chiang to release him. Hu then became a powerful leader in South China, advocating three political principles: resistance to Japanese invasion, resistance to warlords, and resistance to the self-proclaimed leader Chiang Kai-shek. The anti-Chiang factions in the KMT gathered in Guangzhou to set up a rival government. They demanded Chiang's resignation from his dual post of

premier. Civil war was averted by the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Hu continued to rule southern China, the heartland of the KMT, with the help of Chen Jitang and the New Guangxi clique
. There he tried to create a model government, free of corruption and cronyism, to discredit Chiang's Nanjing regime.

Although Hu nominally led the "Southwest Political Affairs Council" set up by Guangdong and Guangxi warlord cliques and lent his image to legitimize this warlord regime, the Guangdong warlord Chen Jitang remained suspicious of his influence and refused to allow him to return to Guangzhou. Hu resided instead in Hong Kong, under the warlords' effective control and receiving a stipend from Chen.[6]

Hu was an advocate of action against Japanese aggression, criticising Chiang Kai-shek for "his spineless failure to adopt a strong policy towards the foreign power which has torn and ravaged our homeland!"[7]

Hu visited

cerebral haemorrhage
on 12 May 1936.

His death sparked a crisis. Chiang wanted to replace Hu with loyalists in southern China and end the autonomy the south had enjoyed under Hu. In response, Chen and the New Guangxi clique conspired to remove Chiang from office. In the so-called "Liangguang Incident", Chen was forced to resign as governor of Guangdong after Chiang bribed many of Chen's officers to defect and the conspiracy collapsed.

Hu's political philosophy was that one's individual rights were a function of one's membership of a nation.

References

  1. ^ Trần Xuân Sinh. Thuyết Trần. Hải Phòng Publishing House, p. 419.
  2. ^ "Interactions Between Two Republics: The Republic of Turkey and the Republic of China (1923-1949) | BRIQ".
  3. ^ "與胡漢民的約法之爭，蔣介石第二次下野的直接原因". 21 March 2021.
  4. ^ "CHINA: Swath to Success". TIME. 23 July 1934. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  5. ISBN 9780824863982
    .
  6. ISBN 9780824863982
    .
  7. ^ "CHINA: Swath to Success". TIME. 23 July 1934. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hu Hanmin.
Party political offices
Preceded by
Woo Tsin-hang and Li Yuying
Chairman of the Kuomintang (Nanjing
)
1935–1936 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
none
 President of the Legislative Yuan
1928–1931 		Succeeded by
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