H3K36me
H3K36me is an
There are diverse modifications at H3K36, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitylation, which have many important biological processes.[1] The methylation of H3K36 has particularly had effects in transcriptional repression, alternative splicing, dosage compensation, DNA replication and repair, DNA methylation, and the transmission of the memory of gene expression from parents to offspring during development.[1]
Nomenclature
H3K36me2 indicates dimethylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 protein subunit:[2]
Abbr. | Meaning |
H3 | H3 family of histones |
K | standard abbreviation for lysine |
36 | position of amino acid residue
(counting from N-terminus) |
me | methyl group |
1 | number of methyl groups added |
Lysine methylation
This diagram shows the progressive methylation of a lysine residue. The mono-methylation (second from left) denotes the methylation present in H3K36me1.
Lysine methylation is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine of histone proteins.[3] This occurs via histone lysine methyltransferase (HMTase) that utilize S-adenosylmethionine to specifically place the methyl group on histone Lys or Arg residues.[1] So far, there have only been eight specific mammalian enzymes discovered that can methylate H3K36 in vitro and/or in vivo, all of which have identical catalytic SET domains but, different preferences for Lys36 residues in different methylation states.[1]
Histone modifications
The genomic DNA of eukaryotic cells is wrapped around special protein molecules known as
Epigenetic implications
The post-translational modification of histone tails by either histone-modifying complexes or chromatin remodeling complexes is interpreted by the cell and leads to the complex, combinatorial transcriptional output. It is thought that a
- H3K4me3-promoters
- H3K4me1- primed enhancers
- H3K36me3-gene bodies
- H3K27me3-polycomb repression
- H3K9me3-heterochromatin
The human genome was annotated with chromatin states. These annotated states can be used as new ways to annotate a genome independently of the underlying genome sequence. This independence from the DNA sequence enforces the epigenetic nature of histone modifications. Chromatin states are also useful in identifying regulatory elements that have no defined sequence, such as enhancers. This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell-specific gene regulation.[11]
Methods
The histone mark H3K36me can be detected in a variety of ways:
- Chromatin ChIP-sequencing) measures the amount of DNA enrichment once bound to a targeted protein and immunoprecipitated. It results in good optimization and is used in vivo to reveal DNA-protein binding occurring in cells. ChIP-Seq can be used to identify and quantify various DNA fragments for different histone modifications along a genomic region.[12]
- Micrococcal Nuclease sequencing (MNase-seq) is used to investigate regions that are bound by well-positioned nucleosomes. The use of the micrococcal nuclease enzyme is employed to identify nucleosome positioning. Well-positioned nucleosomes are seen to have enrichment of sequences.[13]
- Assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) is used to look into regions that are nucleosome-free (open chromatin). It uses hyperactive
See also
References
- ^ PMID 22266761.
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- ^ "Whole-Genome Chromatin IP Sequencing (ChIP-Seq)"(PDF). Illumina. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
- ^ "MAINE-Seq/Mnase-Seq". illumina. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
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