Hadley Cantril
Albert Hadley Cantril, Jr. | |
---|---|
Born | 16 June 1906 Hyrum, Utah, U.S. |
Died | 28 May 1969 | (aged 62)
Alma mater | |
Occupation(s) | Psychologist, researcher |
Spouse | Mavis L. Cantril |
Albert Hadley Cantril, Jr. (16 June 1906 – 28 May 1969) was an American psychologist from the Princeton University, who expanded the scope of the field.
Cantril made "major contributions in psychology of propaganda; public opinion research; applications of psychology and psychological research to national policy, international understanding, and communication; developmental psychology; psychology of social movements; measurement and scaling; humanistic psychology; the psychology of perception; and, basic to all of them, the analysis of human behavior from the transactional point of view."[1] His influence is felt in education, law, philosophy, politics and psychiatry.[1]
"Hadley Cantril, Princeton psychologist, is representative of most quantitative scholars of social influence who, while holding their political commitments close to the vest, nevertheless saw themselves clearly in the ranks of reformers loosely attached to the
Biography
Cantril was born in
Cantril was a member of the
In 1940 he served as a consultant to the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[4]
Cantril's later psychological work included collaboration with
Public opinion research
Though trained as a psychologist, Cantril's most important work concerned the then-new topic of
In 1942 Cantril conducted a small-sample survey of Vichy officials in Morocco, prior to Operation Torch, that revealed the intensity of the anti-British sentiment of the French forces there. This information influenced the disposition of forces during the operation, with American troops landing near Casablanca and mixed forces at Oran and Algiers.[5]: 389 [6] According to George Gallup, "On the basis of his opinion studies, [Cantril] advised Presidents Roosevelt, Eisenhower, and Kennedy at critical points in history. Judged by subsequent events his advice was exceptionally sound."[7]
In 1955 he and Lloyd Free founded the Institute for International Social Research (IISR).[8] The IISR was often asked by United States government agencies to conduct small-sample public opinion polls in foreign countries.[9] Notably, Cantril and Free conducted a poll of Cuba during 1960 demonstrating great support for Fidel Castro, which was overlooked during the presidential transition between Eisenhower and Kennedy and read only after the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco.[8]
Cantril's most-cited work is The Pattern of Human Concerns, notable for the development of the self-anchoring scale (also known as "Cantril's Ladder").[10] Cantril and Free also first discovered the paradox that American voters tend to oppose "big government" in general while supporting many specific liberal social programs.[8]
During the late 1950s, Cantril served on the International Objectives and Strategies panel of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund's Special Studies Project.[11]
Works
- 1934: Social Psychology of Everyday Life
- 1935:(with Gordon Allport) Psychology of Radio from Internet Archive
- 1939: Industrial Conflict: a Psychological Interpretation,
- 1940: The Invasion from Mars, a Study in the Psychology of Panic
- 1940: America Faces the War, a Study in Public Opinion
- 1941: Psychology of Social Movements from HathiTrust
- 1944: Gauging Public Opinion, Princeton University Press, via Internet Archive
- 1947: (with Muzafer Sherif) Psychology of ego-involvements : social attitudes & identifications via HathiTrust
- 1950: The "Why" of Man's Experience
- 1950: Tensions that cause wars (a report for UNESCO)
- 1951: (with Mildred Strunk) Public Opinion, 1935–1946, polls from the USA, Europe and Canada, via Internet Archive
- 1953: (with William Buchanan) How Nations See Each Other, a study in public opinion
- 1954: (with William H. Ittelson) Perception: a Transactional Approach
- 1956: On Understanding the French Left
- 1958: Faith, Hope, and Heresy: the Psychology of the Protest Voter via HathiTrust
- 1958: Politics of Despair via HathiTrust
- 1960: Reflections on the Human Venture
- 1960: Soviet Leaders and Mastery over Man
- 1961: Human Nature and Political Systems
- 1965: Pattern of Human Concerns
- 1967: (with L. A. Free) Political beliefs of Americans; a study of public opinion
- 1967: The Human Dimension: Experiences in Policy Research
- 1988: (Albert H. Cantril, editor) Psychology, Humanism, and Scientific Inquiry: the Selected Essays of Hadley Cantril
References
- ^ ISBN 0-88738-176-6
- ^ ISBN 0-521-47022-6
- ^ Hadley Cantril, Hazel Gaudet, and Herta Herzog (1940) The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic: with the Complete Script of the Famous Orson Welles Broadcast, Princeton University Press
- ^ Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. United States Government Printing Office. 1940. p. 3244.
and a special consultant for the Office of the Coordinator of Inter- American Affairs
- ^ ISBN 9781576079119
- ISBN 0-8058-4769-3.
- doi:10.1086/267731
- ^ New York Times, November 14, 1996.
- ^ "Worldwide Propaganda Network Built by the C.I.A." New York Times, December 26, 1976
- Gallup
- ^ Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports. Doubleday. 1961.