Health information on the Internet
Health information on the Internet refers to all health-related information communicated through or available on the Internet.
Description
The Internet is widely used by the general public as a tool for finding health information.[1] In the late 1990s, researchers noted an increase in Internet users' access to health-related content despite the variation in the quality of information, level of accessibility, and overall health literacy.[2] Access to health information does not guarantee understanding, as health literacy of individuals vary.
It is believed patients who know their medical history may learn and interpret this information in a way that benefits them.[3] This, however, is not always the case because online health information is not always peer reviewed.[2] Physicians worry that patients who conduct Internet research on their medical history are at a risk of being misinformed.[4][5] In 2013, the opinions about the relationship between health care providers and online health information were still being established.[6] According to a 2014 study, "The flow of information has fundamentally changed, and physicians have less control over health information relayed to patients. Not surprisingly, this paradigm shift has elicited varied and sometimes conflicting views about the value of the Internet as a tool to improve health care."[7]
Importance of the physician-patient relationship
In cases in which a physician has difficulty explaining complicated medical concepts to a patient, that patient may be inclined to seek information on the internet.
Patients' naive understanding of their health contributes to a range of issues, including the tendency to deviate from the physician's medical advice or to miss medical appointments.
Social media
Social forums in which anyone can have conversations about health with their peers exist; these are especially popular among patients who want to talk about shared medical concerns with others.[14] Those who participate in online communities that discuss health issues report feeling relieved about their health worries, perceiving they have more control over their health and medical condition, gaining more medical knowledge, and having more personal agency overall.[15]
Some research studies have failed to find evidence to validate the physicians' concerns about patients receiving misinformation online or using online health information to conduct self-diagnosis.[14][16][17] Patients with chronic diseases who use the Internet to get health-related information often acquire good skills to judge the quality of information that they find.[18]
Social media platforms are considered channels physicians can use to acquire insight on their patients' thoughts.[19] Patients have increasingly turned to social media for health information, sometimes of dubious quality.[20][21][22][23] Several studies have used social media to gather data on patients' adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with generally promising results.[24]
Some commercial organizations use health information gathered from the Internet, raising serious ethical and privacy concerns,[25][26] including the risk of accidental violations of the patient privacy by healthcare providers.[27][28]
Academic medical literature
The written record of peer-reviewed medical consensus is stored in scientific journals. There has been an academic journal publishing reform since the advent of electronic publishing. Although some journals have adopted an open access template for online users,[29][30] other journals are opposed to a widening of open access publishing.[31] The open-access policy has significantly increased the accessibility of professional health information to researchers, physicians, and the public through the Internet. Some of the academic medical literature, however, may not be peer-reviewed[32][33] and users are advised to exercise caution when reading health-related articles from such websites.[citation needed]
Quality
The nature of health-related information available on the Internet is complex and its quality varies greatly by source.[34][35][36][37] The standards for ensuring quality control on the Internet have been criticized[citation needed] and no single standard is universally accepted.[38] Many researchers have investigated this issue in detail, resulting in a wide range of theories from different disciplines.[citation needed]
One study found that a correct diagnosis given by the average online symptom checker happened only 34% of the time.[39] Triage recommendations (i.e., whether immediate, normal, or self-type of care is needed) were also assessed and found to be correct 50% of the time.[40] Quality of health information on the internet becomes important in this context as both misdiagnosis and inaccurate recommendations for triage are possible. Additionally, most online diagnostic tools fail to account for the user's familial and personal medical history, including current diagnoses and conditions they possess.[citation needed]
Personal health information
For many applications, people wish to use health information on the Internet to gain further insight about a personal health concern. Because of this, the goal is often to use the Internet to find information as it is described in a person's medical record.
As of 2000[update], there is a broad international debate about ways to balance patient and commercial medicine demands for personal health information with an individual's needs for safety and respect.[44][45]
Electronic medical records
An electronic medical record is a medical record stored on electronic media,[46] for example, computer servers or hard-drives.
De-identification
De-identification is an attempt to remove patients' identifiable information from their medical records with the intent of making the information transferable without compromising patients' identities [
Research using personal health information
There is a high commercial demand for accessing extensive collections of various types of personal health care information.[48]
Distribution of collections of personal health information
In 2014 National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom proposed selling patients' personal health information.[49] In 2013, however, various groups had expressed worries over dangers resulting from the distribution of patients' identifiable information along with their medical history.[50]
Major sources of information
Mobile apps
PubMed
PubMed is a free search engine that primarily lists the MEDLINE database of peer-reviewed references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics maintained by the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. When readers search and try to access a manuscript of interest, they are directed to the website of the respective journal where the document was originally published.[citation needed]
User-generated content
In 2014, Wikipedia was described as "the leading single source of healthcare information for patients and healthcare professionals".[51] The information available on Wikipedia may not be peer-reviewed. Other wiki-style website exist to promulgate medical and heath-related information.
Regulation
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration offers guidance for health industry organizations that share information online.[52][53]
References
- ^ Huynh, Roy (17 April 2022). "How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. | Oplyfe". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
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- ^ "Home - Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery". qims.amegroups.com. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ "JMIR Publications". www.jmirpublications.com. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ "About the Journal: Nuclear Medicine Communications". journals.lww.com. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ "medRxiv.org - the preprint server for Health Sciences". medRxiv. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ "Advancing the sharing of research results for the life sciences". bioRxiv.org. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
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- ^ Khosrowjerdi, M. (2016). A review of theory-driven models of trust in the online health context. IFLA Journal, 42(3): pp. 189-206. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0340035216659299
- ^ Huynh, Roy (17 April 2022). "How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. | Oplyfe". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
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- ^ Compton-Thweatt, Kelli Jo (2018). "Physicians or Facebook? The effects of do-it-yourself-healthcare on modern society". Integrated Studies: 212. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Compton-Thweatt, Kelli Jo (2018). "Physicians or Facebook? The effects of do-it-yourself-healthcare on modern society". Integrated Studies: 212. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
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- ^ Nass SJ, Levit LA, Gostin LO, eds. (2009). The Value and Importance of Health Information Privacy. National Academies Press (US).
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- ^ National Research Council (US) Committee on Enhancing the Internet for Health Applications: Technical Requirements and Implementation Strategies (2000). Health Applications of the Internet. National Academies Press (US).
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- ^ Office for CivilRights (OCR) (2012-09-07). "Methods for De-identification of PHI". HHS.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
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- ^ Ramesh R (19 January 2014). "NHS patient data to be made available for sale to drug and insurance firms". theguardian.com. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Doctorow C (5 June 2013). "Data protection in the EU: the certainty of uncertainty". theguardian.com. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Note - sketchy link requires registration. IMS Health (2014). "The use of Wikipedia in Health Care". Engaging patients through social media Is healthcare ready for empowered and digitally demanding patients?. IMS Health. pp. 16–26. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014. Further cited in
- NPR staff (8 February 2014). "Dr. Wikipedia: The 'Double-Edged Sword' Of Crowd-Sourced Medicine". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- Feltman R (28 January 2014). "America's future doctors are starting their careers by saving Wikipedia". qz.com. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
- Tucker ME (5 February 2014). "Doctors, Not Just Patients, Use Wikipedia, Too: IMS Report". Medscape. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- Beck J (5 March 2014). "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia". theatlantic.com. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ FDA Voice (17 June 2014). "FDA Issues Draft Guidances for Industry on Social Media and Internet Communications About Medical Products: Designed with Patients in Mind". blogs.fda.gov. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- ^ Food and Drug Administration (2014-07-07). "About the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research > For Industry: Using Social Media". fda.gov. Retrieved 5 September 2014.