Electronic publishing
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Electronic publishing (also referred to as e-publishing, digital publishing, or online publishing) includes the digital publication of
About
Electronic publishing has become common in
Although distribution via the Internet (also known as online publishing or web publishing when in the form of a website) is nowadays strongly associated with electronic publishing, there are many non-network electronic publications such as encyclopedias on CD and DVD, as well as technical and reference publications relied on by mobile users and others without reliable and high-speed access to a network. Electronic publishing is also being used in the field of test-preparation in developed as well as in developing economies for student education (thus partly replacing conventional books) – for it enables content and analytics combined – for the benefit of students. The use of electronic publishing for textbooks may become more prevalent with Apple Books from Apple Inc. and Apple's negotiation with the three largest textbook suppliers in the U.S.[6]
Electronic publishing is increasingly popular in works of fiction. Electronic publishers are able to respond quickly to changing market demand, because the companies do not have to order printed books and have them delivered. E-publishing is also making a wider range of books available, including books that customers would not find in standard book retailers, due to insufficient demand for a traditional "print run". E-publication is enabling new authors to release books that would be unlikely to be profitable for traditional publishers. While the term "electronic publishing" is primarily used in the 2010s to refer to online and web-based publishers, the term has a history of being used to describe the development of new forms of production, distribution, and user interaction in regard to computer-based production of text and other interactive media.[7]
History
Digitization
The first
In the 1970s, the
Mass-scale digitization
In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs.[clarification needed] The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.[citation needed]
The ABU (Association des Bibliophiles Universels), was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.[11]
In 1992, the
In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.[14] Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.[15]
In December 2004, Google created Google Books, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.[16] 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.[17]
In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.[18] In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.[19]
Electronic publishing
The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.
Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[20] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[21]
The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new
The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[23]
Online edition
Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web.[24]
Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. OpenStreetMap is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.[25]
Process
The electronic publishing process follows some aspects of the traditional paper-based publishing process
Distributing content electronically as
Because electronic publishing often requires text mark-up (e.g.,
Academic publishing
After an article is submitted to an
Copyright
In the early 2000s, many of the existing copyright laws were designed around printed books, magazines and newspapers. For example, copyright laws often set limits on how much of a book can be mechanically reproduced or copied. Electronic publishing raises new questions in relation to copyright, because if an e-book or e-journal is available online, millions of Internet users may be able to view a single electronic copy of the document, without any "copies" being made.
Emerging evidence suggests that e-publishing may be more collaborative than traditional paper-based publishing; e-publishing often involves more than one author, and the resulting works are more accessible, since they are published online. At the same time, the availability of published material online opens more doors for plagiarism, unauthorized use, or re-use of the material.[30] Some publishers are trying to address these concerns. For example, in 2011, HarperCollins limited the number of times that one of its e-books could be lent in a public library.[31] Other publishers, such as Penguin, are attempting to incorporate e-book elements into their regular paper publications.
Examples
Electronic versions of traditional media
- CD-ROM
- E-book
- Electronic journal
- Online magazine
- Online newspaper
- Online catalog
- Online brochure
- Online newsletter
- Online presentation
- Online flyer
- Online menu
- Online pamphlet
New media
- Blog
- Collaborative software
- Digital publication app
- Enhanced publication
- File sharing
- Mobile apps
- Podcast
Business models
- Digital distribution
- Online advertising
- Open access (publishing)
- Pay-per-view
- Print on demand
- Self-publishing
- Subscriptions
- Non-subsidy publishing[32]
See also
- Desktop publishing
- Electronic typesetting
- Mobile publishing
- vBook
- Medium (website)
References
- ISBN 978-1-5443-2078-6.
- ^ "E-publishing". MaRS. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ Pepitone, Julianne (April 19, 2011). "Tablet sales may hit $75 billion by 2015". CNN.
- ^ "Magazines and Newspapers Need to Build Better Apps | Ad Age". January 11, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ Dale Maunu and Norbert Hildebrand, The e-Book Reader and Tablet Market Report, Insight Media, October 2010. As reported by Richard Hart, E-books look to be hit over holiday season, ABC 7 News, November 21, 2010.
- ^ "Apple jumps into digital textbooks fray - Yahoo! News". January 23, 2012. Archived from the original on January 23, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ "Electronic Publication - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ Marie Lebert, Les mutations du livre à l'heure de l'internet, Net des études françaises, Montreal, 2007
- ISBN 978-2-7071-5729-4.
- ^ "Frantext". frantext.fr. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
- ^ Lebert, Marie (2008). Les mutations du livre (in French). Project Gutenberg.
- ^ "A propos | Gallica". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved July 12, 2018.
- ^ Tasrot-Gillery, Sylviane (February 2015). "La BNF et le numérique patrimonial et culturel" (PDF). La Lettre du Coepia (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ "Wikisource:What is Wikisource? – Wikisource". wikisource.org. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ "Wikisource: International Full-Texts | Binghamton University Libraries News and Events". libnews.binghamton.edu. March 12, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
- ^ Somers, James. "Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ Heyman, Stephen (October 28, 2015). "Google Books: A Complex and Controversial Experiment". The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
- ^ "Collections Europeana". Collections Europeana (in French). Retrieved July 12, 2018.
- ^ "14 Million Books & 6 Million Visitors: HathiTrust Growth and Usage in 2016 (pdf)
- ISBN 978-2-7606-3592-0.
- ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ Bleicher, Paul (August 2006). "Web 2.0 Revolution: Power to the People". Applied Clinical Trials. Applied Clinical Trials-08-01-2006. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". February 22, 2019. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ Chicago Manual of Style, Chapter 1
- ^ "The Chicago Manual of Style Online: Appendix A". June 15, 2017. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ISSN 0022-3808.
- NEC Research Institute
- ^ Chennupati K. Ramaiah, Schubert Foo and Heng Poh Choo, eLearning and Digital Publishing.[where?]
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- POD. See also: Subsidy Publishing vs. Self-Publishing: What's the Difference? Archived January 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine