Hemming's Cartulary
Hemming's Cartulary | |
---|---|
Liber Wigorniensis and Hemming's Cartulary proper | |
Cotton Tiberius A xiii | |
First printed edition | 1723 by Thomas Hearne |
Genre | Cartulary |
Length | 197 leaves total |
Subject | Charters of Worcester Cathedral |
Period covered | 10th and 11th century |
Hemming's Cartulary is a manuscript cartulary, or collection of charters and other land records, collected by a monk named Hemming around the time of the Norman Conquest of England. The manuscript comprises two separate cartularies that were made at different times and later bound together; it is in the British Library as MS Cotton Tiberius A xiii. The first was composed at the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century. The second section was compiled by Hemming and was written around the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. The first section, traditionally titled the Liber Wigorniensis, is a collection of Anglo-Saxon charters and other land records, most of which are organized geographically. The second section, Hemming's Cartulary proper, combines charters and other land records with a narrative of deprivation of property owned by the church of Worcester.
The two works are bound together in one surviving manuscript, the earliest surviving cartulary from medieval England. A major theme is the losses suffered by Worcester at the hands of royal officials and local landowners. Included amongst the despoilers are kings such as
Authorship and composition
Although the monk Hemming has traditionally been credited with all the works in the manuscript, the cartulary contains two works that were collected together, only one of which is by Hemming. The two works were bound together to form the manuscript (abbreviated MS) Cotton Tiberius A xiii, now held in the Cotton library, a collection in the British Library.[1] Together, the two works form the first surviving cartulary from medieval England.[2] The first part is the so-called Liber Wigorniensis, or Book of Worcester, which takes up folios 1–118 of the manuscript.[3] The second is Hemming's work, and takes up folios 119–142, 144–152 and 154–200.[4] MS Cotton Nero E i and British Library MS Add 46204 may also contain charters collected as part of Hemming's work, as they have been identified by some scholars as having been produced during Hemming's lifetime,[4] although others identify them as a copy of the Liber Wigorniensis.[5]
Manuscript condition
The original manuscript containing the cartulary was damaged in a fire in 1733,[6] but the damage was not serious. The edges of the manuscript were burned, which resulted in a few words being lost on the margins. Because of the fire damage, the manuscript was rebound in the 19th century, and each leaf was mounted separately.[7] In addition to the two main sections, there are three smaller parchment pages bound in with the manuscript: folios 110, 143, and 153.[7] The first of them, folio 110, measures 70 millimetres (2.8 in) high by 90 millimetres (3.5 in) wide and lists eight names, probably witnesses to a lease. The second inserted folio, 143, measures 130 millimetres (5.1 in) high by 180 millimetres (7.1 in) wide and gives a list of jurors in a late 11th-century hand. The last inserted folio, 153, measures 58 millimetres (2.3 in) high by 180 millimetres (7.1 in) wide and gives the boundaries of a manor in Old English, rather than Latin; it is written in a 12th-century hand.[8]
Liber Wigorniensis
The first part of the work is an early 11th-century collection of older charters, arranged geographically, with a section on late 10th-century land leases tacked on the end.
Hemming's cartulary proper
Hemming was the author of the second and later part, a collection of lands and rights belonging to the cathedral chapter of Worcester, as well as a narrative of the deeds of
The second section of the work is not just a collection of deeds and charters but includes other historical information of importance, especially for Hemming's monastery.
Themes and contents
Both the Liber Wigorniensis and Hemming's work contain a number of forged charters.[4] The historian Julia Barrow has determined that at least 25 of the 155 charters in the Liber are forged, but cautions that this is the minimum estimate.[11] Barrow identifies more than 30 of the charters in Hemming's work as forgeries, including some that are duplicates from the Liber.[17] Some of the stories that form Hemming's narrative do not always agree with other sources, and Ker says "it is safer to trust to the main facts than to the details of his [Hemming's] stories".[22]
Contents of the Liber Wigorniensis
The main goal of the Liber was to document the landholdings of the diocese and bishop, and to keep a register of the written charters and leases pertaining to the property of the church at Worcester. Because there is no narrative tying the documents together, the Liber should be seen as a working document, compiled for the use of the bishop and monks, and designed not as a literary work but a legal one. The Liber was revised during its working life, which adds further support for the working nature of the composition.[23]
The charters constitute valuable evidence for prosopographical research and the study of land tenure in late Anglo-Saxon England. According to Donald A. Bullough, they also offer a window on the kind of social bonds which could be created by "neighbourhood". In the 10th century, the Bishop of Worcester leased out various small estates attached to the Church in the three counties (Worcestershire, Gloucestershire and Warwickshire) to several high-ranking men and women, usually for three lifespans.[24] The pattern may be taken to suggest that this way of association served to "create a network, an inter-meshing, of high-status 'neighbours' ... with its central knot in Worcester and the domus of the bishop".[25] In the bishop's residence or at home, the lessees may have come together to participate in convivial drinking, just as the Norman successors to these lands are envisaged as doing in William of Malmesbury's Life of St Wulfstan.[25] Further, some of the thegns served in the royal army (fyrd) under the command of Bishop Oswald or his successors, which presupposes the creation of a personal warband and possibly one with the secondary purpose of protecting the bishop's properties.[26]
Hemming's work
Purpose
Hemming's introduction to his work (Prefatio) claims that it was produced to teach Wulfstan's successors:
about the things which have been committed to their care, and to show them which lands justly belong (or ought to belong) to the church, and which have been unjustly seized by evil men—first, during the Danish invasions; later, by unjust royal officials and tax collectors; and most recently, by the violence of Normans in our own time, who by force, guile and rapine have unjustly deprived this holy church of its lands, villages and possessions, until hardly anything is safe from their depredations.[27]
The historian
More recently, Francesca Tinti has arrived at a different conclusion, arguing instead that Hemming's work, more so than the Liber Wigorniensis, came to serve very real needs, and that these specifically concerned the monastic community at Worcester. Although the Prefatio is silent about monks, the Enucleatio is explicit that Bishop Wulfstan had commissioned the work to defend the estates assigned for the sustenance of the monks (ad victum monachorum). She relates these concerns to the rapid growth of the community during Bishop Wulfstan's episcopate in the second half of the 11th century.[b][31] The coming of the Norman newcomer, Samson, who had been involved in the dissolution of Westbury-on-Trym, would have given the enlarged community a particular incentive to safeguard its property and rights.[32]
Contents
One of the themes of Hemming's work is the depredations suffered by his monastery at the hands of royal officials. One such notorious official from the last decade of King Æthelred's reign is Eadric Streona ("Grasper"),
Hemming singles out the conquests of England by Cnut and William the Conqueror as being especially damaging.
The historian Ted Johnson Smith points out that the Codicellus has strong parallels to the Historia de Sancto Cuthberto.[39] The Historia was written in Durham in the mid-10th century, and is a history of the monastery of St. Cuthbert from foundation until about 945. Like the Codicellus, it is a narrative concerned mainly to defend the patrimony of the monks against depredations.[39][40]
Also contained in Hemming's work is a description of the lawsuit between the diocese of Worcester and Evesham Abbey, which took place between 1078 and 1085. Although only Hemming relates the course of the proceedings, the Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, or Evesham Chronicle, also gives background information on the dispute. The litigation involved lands that the abbey held in Hampton and Bengeworth in Worcestershire, but that the diocese maintained were actually part of one of the bishopric's manors. Ownership became disputed under the abbacy of Æthelwig, when the abbot managed to acquire the allegiance of a number of the new owners of lands previously held from the diocese. After Æthelwig's death, most of these lands passed to Odo of Bayeux, but Evesham managed to retain Hampton and Bengeworth, which became the basis of the dispute. The lawsuit was complicated because part of the land had been granted by an earlier bishop, Beorhtheah, to a kinsman, Azur. After the Conquest, Azur's lands were given to Urse d'Abetot, the Sheriff of Worcester. Following Æthelwig's death, Wulfstan was able to secure a settlement with Æthelwig's successor Walter. The settlement, which was concluded in 1086, granted the lands to the abbey, but the diocese was the overlord of the lands, for which the abbey owed military service.[37]
Contents of the manuscript
A brief overview of the contents of the manuscript follows, with the main sectioning and a general idea of the contents of each section.[41]
Folios | Section of manuscript usually classified as | Contents |
---|---|---|
1–21 | Liber Wigorniensis | 28 documents headed by the title "Into Vveogerna Cestre", followed by miscellaneous documents on three pages |
22–27 | Liber Wigorniensis | 8 documents headed by the title "Into Vvincelcvmbe Scire" |
28–32 | Liber Wigorniensis | 8 documents headed by the title "Into Oxena Forda Scire", followed by miscellaneous documents on twelve pages |
28–38 | Liber Wigorniensis | 8 documents headed by the title "Into Oxena Forda Scire", followed by miscellaneous documents on twelve pages |
39–46 | Liber Wigorniensis | 7 documents headed by the title "Into Gleawescestre Scire", followed by miscellaneous documents on twelve pages |
47–56 | Liber Wigorniensis | 14 documents with no heading, mainly relating to Gloucestershire |
57–102 | Liber Wigorniensis | Leases |
103–109 | Liber Wigorniensis | 8 documents headed by the title "Into Waernincg Wican", followed by a page with one miscellaneous document |
110 | Inserted smaller parchment page | Listing of 8 names |
111–113 | Liber Wigorniensis | Leases |
114–118 | Liber Wigorniensis | Miscellaneous documents, including an Old English homily, lists of the bishops of Worcester, kings of Mercia, and land records |
119–126 | Hemming's Cartulary | Codicellus possessionum |
127–134 | Hemming's Cartulary | More Codicellus possessionum; Enucleatio libelli; "Indiculum libertatis" (later document on the privileges of the Oswaldslow hundred )
|
135–142 | Hemming's Cartulary | "Oswald's Indiculum" (on services due from Wulfstan of Worcester and Abbot Walter of Evesham (later); excerpt from Domesday Book (later)
|
143 | Inserted smaller parchment page | 11th-century listing of jurors |
144–152 | Hemming's Cartulary | Charters |
153 | Inserted smaller parchment page | 12th-century list of boundaries of a manor in Old English |
154–164 | Hemming's Cartulary | Some charters; Old English boundary-clauses (later) |
165–166 | Miscellaneous | Table of contents in a 15th-century hand of both the Liber Wigorniensis and Hemming's Cartulary |
167–175 | Hemming's Cartulary | Regnal list, with list of royal gifts to the monastic community; charters |
176 | Hemming's Cartulary | List of bishops of Worcester, with their gifts to the monastic community; Prefatio; list of charters |
177 | Inserted smaller parchment page | Listing of taxes levied by King William in Old English and a list of holders of land eligible for the geld in Worcestershire shortly after Domesday Book |
178–200 | Hemming's Cartulary | History of estates retrieved for the monks by Ealdred and Wulfstan, with charters (some added later); charters |
Manuscript and publication history
The only other 11th-century cartulary surviving from England is the Oswald cartulary, also compiled at Worcester. Historian
The manuscript was originally published in 1723 as Hemingi chartularium ecclesiæ Wigorniensis, in two volumes edited by Thomas Hearne.[6] This was part of the Chronica Anglia series put out between 1709 and 1735, which included many chronicles and records in 20 volumes.[47] Hearne printed his edition from a transcription made for the antiquary Richard Graves.[9] This transcript, known as MS Rawlinson B.445, is not a completely accurate transcription of the Cotton Tiberius manuscript, as some items were omitted, and marginalia were not always transcribed. There were also some additions of decorations.[48]
The entire manuscript of Cotton Tiberius A xiii is catalogued as number 366 in Helmut Gneuss's work Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts.[49]
Notes
- Vita Wulfstani written by William of Malmesbury during the early 12th century, which is a translation of a work by Coleman, Wulfstan's chaplain.[18]
- ^ One of the bishop's charters included in the work states that the number of monks had gone up from 12 to 50.[31]
- ^ Parker was noted for keeping many of the manuscripts his staff annotated, but he did not keep all of them, as another Worcester Priory document, now Bodleian Library Junius 121 was also annotated by Parker himself, but remained at Worcester until the 17th century.[43]
Citations
- ^ a b c d Keynes "Hemming" Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England pp. 231–232
- ^ a b Clanchy From Memory to Written Record pp. 101–102
- ^ Brooks "Introduction" St Wulfstan and His World p. 11 footnote 38
- ^ a b c d Brooks "Introduction" St Wulfstan and His World pp. 11–13
- ^ Barrow "Forgery Production" St Wulfstan and His World pp. 106–107 and footnote 7
- ^ a b c Mason "Hemming" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ a b c d Ker "Hemming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History p. 51
- ^ Ker "Hemming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History' p. 62
- ^ a b Tinti "From Episcopal Conception" Early Medieval Europe p. 234
- ^ a b Tinti "From Episcopal Conception" Early Medieval Europe p. 235
- ^ a b Barrow "Forgery Production" St Wulfstan and His World pp. 108–109
- ^ a b Ker "Hemming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History p. 49
- ^ Ker "Hemming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History pp. 52–55
- ^ Tinti "From Episcopal Conception" Early Medieval Europe p. 239
- ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom of England p. 35
- ^ Williams English and the Norman Conquest p. 145
- ^ a b Barrow "Forgery Production" St Wulfstan and His World pp. 114–115
- ^ a b Knowles Monastic Order p. 74 footnote 2
- ^ a b c d Fleming "Christ Church Canterbury's Anglo-Norman Cartulary" Anglo-Norman Political Culture pp. 82–83
- ^ Tinti "From Monastic Conception" Early Medieval Europe pp. 244–245
- ^ Ker "Hemming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History pp. 58–62
- ^ Ker "Heming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History pp. 64–65
- ^ a b Davies Book of Llandaf p. 145
- ^ Bullough Friends, Neighbours and Fellow-drinkers pp. 19–21
- ^ a b Bullough Friends, Neighbours and Fellow-drinkers pp. 21–22
- ^ Bullough Friends, Neighbours and Fellow-drinkers p. 22
- ^ Quoted and translated in Southern "Aspects of the European Tradition of Historical Writing" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society pp. 249–250
- ^ Southern "Aspects of the European Tradition of Historical Writing" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society pp. 249–250
- ^ van Houts "Historical Writing" Companion to the Anglo-Norman World p. 117
- ^ Geary Phantoms of Remembrance pp. 101–102
- ^ a b Tinti "From Episcopal Conception" Early Medieval Europe p. 257
- ^ Tinti "From Episcopal Conception" Early Medieval Europe pp. 237, 258–261
- ^ Baxter Earls of Mercia, pp. 23 and 107, citing Hemming's Cartulary, ed. Hearne, pp. 280–281
- ^ Williams Æthelred the Unready p. 70
- ^ Stafford Unification and Conquest p. 22
- ^ Lawson "Collection" English Historical Journal p. 729 footnote 12
- ^ a b Williams "Cunning of the Dove" St Wulfstan and His World pp. 32–35
- ^ Williams "Spoliation of Worcester" Anglo-Norman Studies XIX pp. 386–387
- ^ a b Smith "Introduction" Historia de Sancto Cuthberto pp. 12–14
- ^ Gransden Historical Writing in England pp. 76–77
- ^ The information in the table is drawn from Ker "Hemming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History pp. 49–75 and Tinti "From Episcopal Conception" Early Medieval Europe pp. 233–261
- ^ Tite Early Records of Sir Robert Cotton's Library p. 105
- ^ Graham "Matthew Parker's manuscripts" Cambridge History of Libraries p. 327
- ^ Tite "Development of the Manuscript Collection" Manuscript Library p. 33
- ^ Staff "History of the Cotton Library" Help for Researchers
- ^ Staff "Manuscript Description of Cotton Tiberius A.xii" British Library Catalogue
- ^ Graves Bibliography p. 139
- ^ Ker "Hemming's Cartulary" Studies in Medieval History pp. 72–73
- ^ Gneuss Handlist p. 68
References
- ISBN 0-582-49504-0.
- ISBN 0-7546-0802-6.
- Baxter, Stephen (2007). The Earls of Mercia: Lords and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923098-3.
- ISBN 0-7546-0802-6.
- ISBN 0-9517339-0-7.
- ISBN 978-0-631-16857-7.
- Davies, John Reuben (2003). The Book of Llandaf and the Norman Church in Wales. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-024-8.
- ISBN 0-85115-691-6.
- ISBN 978-0-691-03422-5.
- ISBN 0-86698-283-3.
- Graham, Timothy (2006). "Matthew Parker's Manuscripts: An Elizabethan Library and its Use". In Leedham-Green, Elisabeth; ISBN 978-0-521-78194-7.
- ISBN 0-8014-0770-2.
- Graves, Edgar B., ed. (1975). A Bibliography of English History to 1485. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822391-9.
- ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
- OCLC 4883091. also reprinted in A. G. Watson, ed. (1985). Books, Collectors and Libraries. London. pp. 31–59.)
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Lawson, M. K. (October 1984). "The Collection of Danegeld and Heregeld in the Reigns of Aethelred II and Cnut". JSTOR 569175.
- Mason, J. F. A. (2004). "Hemming (fl. c.1095)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 April 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Smith, Ted Johnson (2002). "Introduction". Historia de Sancto Cuthberto: A History of Saint Cuthbert and a Record of his Patrimony. Anglo-Saxon Texts Volume 3. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. pp. 1–40. ISBN 0-85991-627-8.
- S2CID 147361366.
- Staff. "History of the Cotton Library". Help for Researchers. British Library. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
- Staff. "Manuscript description of Cotton Tiberius A.xiii". British Library Catalogue. British Library. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
- ISBN 0-7131-6532-4.
- Tinti, Francesca (November 2002). "From Episcopal Conception to Monastic Compilation: Hemming's Cartulary in Context". Early Medieval Europe. 11 (3): 233–261. S2CID 162533685.
- Tite, Colin G. C. (1994). "The Development of the Manuscript Collection 1588–1753". In Tite, Colin G. C. (ed.). The Manuscript Library of Sir Robert Cotton. The Panizzi Lectures 1993. London: British Library. pp. 1–39. ISBN 0-7123-0359-6.
- Tite, Colin G. C. (2003). The Early Records of Sir Robert Cotton's Library: Formation, Cataloguing, Use. London: British Library. ISBN 0-7123-4824-7.
- van Houts, Elizabeth (2002). "Historical Writing". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; van Houts, Elizabeth (eds.). A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. pp. 103–121. ISBN 978-1-84383-341-3.
- ISBN 1-85285-382-4.
- ISBN 0-7546-0802-6.
- ISBN 0-85115-708-4.
- ISBN 978-0-85115-707-8.
Further reading
- Barrow, J. (1992). "How the Twelfth-Century Monks of Worcester Preserved Their Past". In Magdalino, P. (ed.). The Perception of the Past in Twelfth-Century Europe. London. pp. 53–74.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Tinti, Francesca. (2009). "Si litterali memorie commendaretur: Memory and Cartularies in Eleventh-century Worcester". In Baxter, Stephen; et al. (eds.). Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald. Studies in Early Medieval Britain. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. pp. 475–497.
External links
- Liber Wigorniensis and Hemming's Cartulary, London, BL, Cotton Tiberius A XIII, fos. 1–118, 119–200.
- Cotton Nero E i British Library description page for MS Cotton Nero E i
- Add. MS 46204 British Library description page for Add. MS 46204