Worcester Cathedral
Worcester Cathedral | ||
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Cathedral Church of Christ and Blessed Mary the Virgin | ||
Canon(s) | Stephen Edwards (Vice-Dean) Kimberly Bohan (Canon Librarian) | |
Laity | ||
Organist(s) |
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Worcester Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of Christ and Blessed Mary the Virgin, is a
The cathedral was founded in 680. The earliest surviving fabric dates from 1084, when the cathedral was rebuilt in the
History
Early history
The cathedral was founded in 680, with a Northumbrian priest, Tatwine, appointed as its first bishop. Tatwine died before he could be consecrated, however, so his successor
The community associated with the cathedral in the early eighth century included members of various clerical orders.[5] The cathedral community was regulated along formal monastic lines as a consequence of the Benedictine reforms in the second half of the tenth century (one author gives the time range 974–977; another considers 969 more likely). There is an important connection with Fleury Abbey in France, as Oswald, bishop of Worcester from 961 to 992, was professed at Fleury and introduced the monastic rule of Fleury to the monastery that he established at Worcester around the year 966, which was dedicated – as the present cathedral church is – to St. Mary.[6]
Medieval
The last Anglo-Saxon bishop of Worcester, Wulfstan, unusually remained bishop after the Norman Conquest until his death in 1095. He was later made a saint.
It is the burial place of King John, who succeeded his brother Richard I.
The cathedral
Relations with the Jewish community of Worcester
The Diocese was notably hostile to the small Jewish community in Worcester. Peter of Blois was commissioned by a Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances, to write a significant anti-Judaic treatise Against the Perfidy of Jews around 1190.[10] William de Blois, as Bishop of Worcester, imposed particularly strict rules on Jews within the diocese in 1219.[11] As elsewhere in England, Jews were officially compelled to wear rectangular white badges, supposedly representing tabulae.[12] In most places, this requirement was waived as long as fines were paid. In addition to enforcing the church laws on wearing badges, Blois tried to impose additional restrictions on usury, and wrote to Pope Gregory IX in 1229 to ask for better enforcement and further, harsher measures. In response, the Papacy demanded that Christians be prevented from working in Jewish homes, "lest temporal profit be preferred to the zeal of Christ", and insisted on enforcement of the wearing of badges.[13]
Dissolution and Reformation
The priory came to an end with
The Protestant Hugh Latimer was bishop from 1535, and preached for reform and iconoclasm. He resigned as bishop in 1539, as a result of a theological turn by Henry VIII towards Roman Catholicism, in the Six Articles. John Bell, a moderate reformer, was bishop from 1539 to 1543, during the period of the priory's dissolution.
In the early 16th century, Worcester had around 40 monks. This declined slightly in the years immediately before 1540, as recruitment seems to have halted. There were 35 Benedictine monks plus the Prior Holbeach at the time of dissolution, probably 16 January 1540; eleven were immediately given pensions, while the remainder became secular canons in the new Royal College. Holbeach was re-appointed as the first Dean. A further five former monks were pensioned from the college in July 1540.[15]
The former monastic library of Worcester contained a considerable number of manuscripts which are, among other libraries, now scattered over Cambridge, London (British Library), Oxford (Bodleian), and the Cathedral library at Worcester of today.[16] Remains of the priory dating from the 12th and 13th centuries can still be seen.
John Bell's successor as bishop, Nicholas Heath, was religiously much more conservative and Catholic.
Civil War
During the Civil War, the cathedral was used to store arms, possibly as early as September 1642.[17] Worcester declared itself for the Crown and was quickly occupied by extra Royalist forces, who were using the building to store munitions when the Earl of Essex briefly retook the city after a skirmish on its outskirts. The Parliamentary troops then ransacked the Cathedral building. Stained glass was smashed and the organ destroyed, along with library books and monuments.[18]
The See was abolished during the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, approximately 1646–1660.[19] The bell tower was demolished in 1647 and the building used as a prison in the aftermath of the 1651 battle.[20]
Victorian to present
In the 1860s, the cathedral was subject to major restoration work planned by Sir George Gilbert Scott and A. E. Perkins.
An image of the cathedral's west facade appeared on the reverse of the Series E British
Architecture
Worcester Cathedral embodies many features that are highly typical of an English medieval cathedral. Like the cathedrals of Salisbury and Lincoln, it has two transepts crossing the nave, rather than the single transept usual on the Continent. This feature of English cathedrals was to facilitate the private saying of the Holy Office by many clergy or monks. Worcester is also typical of English cathedrals in having a chapter house and cloister. To the north side of the cathedral is an entrance porch, a feature designed to eliminate the draught which, prior to the installation of modern swing doors, would blow through cathedrals whenever the western doors were open.
There are important parts of the building dating from every century from the 11th to the 16th. Its tower in the perpendicular style is described by Alec Clifton-Taylor as "exquisite"[3] and is seen best across the River Severn.[23]
The earliest part of the building at Worcester is the multi-columned
The east end was rebuilt over the Norman crypt by Alexander Mason between 1224 and 1269, coinciding with, and in a very similar
Worcester Cathedral was extensively restored from 1857 to 1874 by W. A. Perkins and Sir George Gilbert Scott. Most of the fittings and the stained glass date from this time. Some early 17th century screens and panelling, removed from the choir and organ casing in 1864, are now at Holy Trinity Church, Sutton Coldfield.[26]
Dean and chapter
As of January 2023:[27]
- Interim Dean – Dr Stephen Edwards (installed 2019, Vice-Dean from 2021, Interim Dean from 26/8/23)
- Residentiary Canon (Precentor) – John Paul Hoskins (installed January 2022)
- Residentiary Canon (Librarian & Chaplain to St Oswald's) – Kimberly Bohan (installed January 2023)
- Senior Non-executive Canon – Dr David Bryer
- Non-executive Canon – Anne Penn
- Non-executive Canon – Henry Briggs
- Non-executive Canon – Staffan Engström
Burials and memorials
The Cathedral contains the tomb of
The cathedral has a memorial, Prince Arthur's Chantry, to the young prince
An epitaph in Latin to Henry Bright, headmaster of the King's School, Worcester, can be found near the north porch.[28] Other notable burials include:
- Lord Chancellor of England, and Bishop of Worcester
- Maud (de Giffard) Devereux (on 3 September 1297), Godfrey de Giffard
- Ivor Atkins (1869–1953), choirmaster and organist at Worcester Cathedral from 1897 to 1950
- Alfred Barry (1826–1910), one time Bishop of Sydney and Primate of Australia
- Ernest Bird (1877–1945), scholar of King's School, Worcester
- Arthur W. Davies (1878–1966), one time Principal of St. John's College, Agra
- James I
- John Gauden (1605–1662), Bishop of Worcester, possible author of the Eikon Basilike[29]
- Philip Goodrich (1929–2001), Bishop of Worcester from 1982 to 1996
- William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton (1616–1651), Scottish Royalist commander
- Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 1st Baronet (1593–1650)
- William Henry Reed (1876–1942), violinist, friend and biographer of Edward Elgar
- Robin Woods (1914–1997), Dean of Windsor, Bishop of Worcester from 1971 to 1982
- Francis Brett Young (1884–1954), Worcestershire author
Library
The Cathedral Library at Worcester, located since the 19th century in the loft above the South Nave, contains 289 medieval manuscripts, 55
Misericords
Thirty-nine of the misericords date from 1379 and include a complete set of the Labours of the Months. The subject matter includes biblical stories, mythology and folklore including N-07, The Clever Daughter, which shows a naked woman draped in a net, riding a goat and carrying a rabbit under her arm. Three of the misericords are Victorian replacements such as N-02, Judas in the jaws of Satan.
Bells
The tower has a ring of twelve bells plus four semitone bells and a 4.1 tonne non-swinging bourdon.[32] The current peal of 15 ringing bells were cast in 1928 by John Taylor & Co., of Loughborough, from the metal of the original ring cast in 1869. The bourdon bell was cast in 1869 and retuned in 1928. It is only used by the clock to strike the hours and sometimes tolls for special events. The ring is the sixth heaviest ring of twelve in the world; only the bells in the cathedrals of Liverpool, Exeter, York, and St Paul's in London, and of St Mary Redcliffe church in Bristol are heavier. The bells are also considered to be one of the finest toned rings ever cast, a close contender to York Minster. The bells hang in a wooden frame that was constructed in 1869 for the previous ring. Worcester Cathedral is unique in having a purpose-built teaching centre equipped with eight special training bells, linked to computers.[32]
Music
Worcester Cathedral has three choirs: Worcester Cathedral Choir (the principal choir which has both boys' and girls' sections, normally working independently), Worcester Cathedral Voluntary Choir, and Worcester Cathedral Chamber Choir. All three were involved in the BBC broadcast of the midnight and Christmas morning services in 2007, with the boys and the girls of the Cathedral Choir, respectively, taking the lead in the two services.[33] Since the 18th century, Worcester Cathedral Choir has taken part in the Three Choirs Festival, the oldest music festival in the world.
The composer Edward Elgar spent most of his life in Worcestershire. The first performance of the revised version of his Enigma Variations – the version usually performed – took place at the cathedral during the 1899 Three Choirs Festival. He is commemorated in a stained glass window which contains his portrait.
Worcester Cathedral has a long history of organs dating back to at least 1417. There have been many re-builds and new organs in the intervening period, including work by Thomas Dallam, William Hill and most famously Robert Hope-Jones in 1896. The Hope-Jones organ was heavily re-built in 1925 by Harrison & Harrison, and then regular minor works kept it in working order until Wood Wordsworth and Co. were called in 1978. It was a large four-manual organ with 61 speaking stops. It had a large Gothic Revival case with heavily decorated front pipes as well as two smaller cases either side of the quire.[34]
This organ (apart from the large transept case and pedal pipes) was removed in 2006 in order to make way for a new instrument by Kenneth Tickell, which was completed in the summer of 2008.[35] The nave has a separate three-manual Rodgers organ.[36]
Notable organists at Worcester have included Thomas Tomkins (from 1596), Hugh Blair (from 1895), Ivor Atkins (from 1897) and David Willcocks (from 1950). From 2012 to 2018 the Director of Music and Organist was Peter Nardone.
Events
Worcester Cathedral hosts the annual graduation ceremonies for the University of Worcester. These ceremonies are presided over by the vice-chancellor of the university, and take place over four days in November.[37]
Since 2018 Worcester Cathedral became the host to the annual honours celebration of the Royal Life Saving Society UK, celebrating the long service and meritorious achievements of their lifesaving members.
Gallery
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College Green
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View of the cathedral from College Green
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Worcester and the River Severn
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Quire organ cases and decorative ceiling
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The rood screen, nave and west window
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The altar area
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The high altar
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Painted ceiling
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Statues above the portal
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1836 Cathedral floorplan
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Taken from the choir
See also
- Ealdred (archbishop of York)
- Bishop of Worcester
- Worcester Cathedral Voluntary Choir
- Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
- List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe
- English Gothic architecture
- Romanesque architecture
- Church of England
References
- ^ "CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CHRIST AND ST MARY, Non Civil Parish - 1389728 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ "Worcester city centre, Non Civil Parish - 1005277 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d Clifton-Taylor 1967
- ^ Barrow 2013 electronic edition, loc. 22608
- ^ Barrow 2013, electronic edition, loc. 22614
- ^ Barrow 2013 electronic edition, loc. 22626 and 22638; Knowles & Hadcock 1971, p. 81; Braunfels 1972, p. 154
- ^ Willis-Bund & Page 1971a; Willis-Bund & Page 1971b; Willis-Bund & Page 1971c
- ^ Dyer 2000
- ^ Willis-Bund & Page 1971a
- ^ de Blois 1194, Lazare 1903
- ^ Vincent 1994, p. 217
- ^ "Jewish Badge". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ^ Vincent 1994, p. 209
- ^ Thornton 2018, pp. 7–8
- ^ Thornton 2018
- ^ Ker 1964, pp. 205–215
- ^ Atkin 2004, p. 50
- ^ Atkin 2004, pp. 52–53
- ^ King 1968, pp. 523–537
- ^ Atkin 2004, pp. 52–53 and Atkin 2004, p. 133
- ^ "Withdrawal of Elgar £20 Note" (PDF) (Press release). Bank of England. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2016.
The Elgar notes are being withdrawn under authority given to the Bank by virtue of Section 1 (5) of the Currency and Banknotes Act 1954. The Elgar £20 banknote was first issued on 22 June 1999
- ^ "£20 Sir Edward Elgar (Introduction 22.06.1999 - Withdrawal 30.06.2010)". Withdrawn bank notes. Bank of England. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016.
- ^ Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, The English Cathedral
- ^ a b John Harvey, English Cathedrals
- ^ "The Normans: A walk around Worcester Cathedral". BBC Online. 2 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ Historic England. "Church of the Holy Trinity (1319961)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ^ Worcester Cathedral — Who's Who Archived 2 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 2 January 2021)
- ^ Anna Sander (18 August 1993). "Balliol Gazetteer". Archives.balliol.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "The 'Eikon Basilikie' and how to climb a 17th Career Ladder". Worcester Cathedral Library and Archive Blog. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "About Worcester Cathedral Library". Archived 20 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 August 2014
- ISBN 978-0859916189.
- ^ a b "Worcester Cathedral church bells". Archived 18 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 July 2009
- ^ "BBC will broadcast Christmas services live from Worcester Cathedral". 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Worcester Cathedral". National Pipe Organ Register (NPOR). Retrieved 27 December 2007.[permanent dead link]
- ^ The specification and drawings were on Kenneth Tickell's website.
- ^ "Rodgers UK ► a tradition of excellence in classical organs". 11 March 2005. Archived from the original on 11 March 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ^ "Graduation 2015". University of Worcester. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Sources and further reading
General
- OL 7145051M
- Thomas Dingley (1867), History from marble, [Westminster]: Printed for the Camden Society, OL 14133074M
- Worcester Cathedral (official guidebook), Scala Publishers Ltd. (2004) ISBN 1-85759-347-2
- Tatton-Brown, Tim; John Crook (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-120-2.
- R. K. Morris, ed. Medieval Art and Architecture at Worcester Cathedral, 1978
- ISBN 978-0500200629.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Brookes, Alan (2007), "Worcester: Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary", Worcestershire, The Buildings of England (Revised ed.), London: Yale University Press, pp. 672–702, OL 10319229M
Medieval
- Willis-Bund, J. W.; Page, William, eds. (1971a). "Houses of Benedictine monks: Priory of St Mary, Worcester". A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2. London: British History Online. pp. 94–112. Retrieved 17 June 2018.}
- Willis-Bund, J. W.; Page, William, eds. (1971b). "Hospitals: Worcester". A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2. London: British History Online. pp. 175–179. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- Willis-Bund, J. W.; Page, William, eds. (1971c). "Friaries: Worcester". A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2. London: British History Online. pp. 167–173. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- Ker, Neil Ripley, ed. (1964). Medieval Libraries of Great Britain. Royal Historical Society. pp. 205–215.
- Vincent, Nicholas (1994). "Two Papal Letters on the Wearing of the Jewish Badge, 1221 and 1229". Jewish Historical Studies. 34: 209–24. JSTOR 29779960.
- Mundill, Robin R. (2002). England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52026-3.
- de Blois, Peter (1194). "Against the Perfidy of the Jews". Medieval Sourcebook. University of Fordham.
A treatise addressed to John Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances who held that See, 1194–8.
- OL 7137045M
- Barrow, Julia (2013). "Worcester". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0470656327.
- Knowles, David; Hadcock, R. Neville (1971). Medieval Religious Houses: England & Wales. ISBN 978-0-582-11230-8.
- Braunfels, Wolfgang (1972). Monasteries of Western Europe. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-691-00313-9.
- Dyer, Christopher (2000). Bromsgrove: a small town in Worcestershire in the Middle Ages. Occasional Publications. Vol. 9. Worcestershire Historical Society. ISSN 0140-9913.
Dissolution and Civil War
- Thornton, David E. (2018). "The Last Monks of Worcester Cathedral Priory" (PDF). Midland History. 43 (1). Routledge: 3–21. S2CID 159893638.
- OL 23307603M
- Atkin, Malcolm (2004). Worcestershire under arms. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. OL 11908594M.
- King, Peter (July 1968). "The Episcopate during the Civil Wars, 1642–1649". JSTOR 564164.
External links
- Worcester Cathedral official web site. Retrieved 3 June 2009
- Worcester Cathedral at Skyscrapernews.com Archived 26 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- A history of the choristers of Worcester Cathedral
- Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace – Worcester Cathedral Pages – Photos Archived 22 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Flickr images tagged Worcester Cathedral
- The Worcester Cathedral Chamber Choir