History of Northwestern University
The history of
John Evans purchased 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853 and Philo Judson began developing the plans for what would become the city of Evanston. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855.[5] As a private university that had to raise funds for construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetual scholarships" that entitled the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition.[6][7] Northwestern admitted its first female students in 1869.[8]
Northwestern first fielded an intercollegiate football team in 1882, and later became a founding member of the
Like other American research universities, Northwestern was transformed by
As government support of universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President
Foundation
In 1850,
Goodrich was adept in drafting the charter and lobbying legislators who shared his abolitionist views and the charter was passed during the first session of the General Assembly and signed by
In 1853, the trustees elected
Hinman was also a fervent supporter of the nascent university and raised over $63,000 from the sale of the perpetual scholarships.
Early years (1855–1905)
Northwestern's first building,
In the antebellum period, campus
In 1869, the trustees voted to admit women to the university "under the same terms and conditions as young men" and Evanston resident, Rebecca Hoag, became the first female student to enroll. In 1873, the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, increasing the enrollments of female undergraduates. Although, Sarah Rebecca Roland, class of 1874, was the first woman to graduate from Northwestern, Ada Kepley received a law degree in 1870 from the School of Law's predecessor, the Union College of Law. The university also established an alumni association in 1881.[27]
The Evanston campus experienced dramatic growth during this era.
Fisk Hall opened in 1899 to house Northwestern's preparatory school. In 1909 alumni James A. Patten (former mayor of Evanston, a Northwestern University trustee, and funder of the original Patten Gymnasium) funded the construction of a Casavant Freres pipe organ for Fisk Hall. Arthur Dunham gave the opening recital on May 29, 1909.[30] The preparatory school closed in 1917; today Fisk Hall houses the Medill School of Journalism.[31]
Despite the growth of the Evanston campus, the trustees sought to establish professional and academic schools within Chicago.
Henry Wade Rogers served as president between 1890 and 1900, and was an ardent supporter of student athletics. By 1900, Northwestern had the third-highest student enrollment of any university in the nation.[27] The Class of 1902 presented a drinking fountain, but what would later become The Rock, to the university as a senior gift. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt visited campus.[35]
Symbols
Northwestern's seal, motto, and colors also emerged in this era. The first seal, adopted in June 1856, featured an open book radiating light circumscribed by "Northwestern University", much like the modern seal.[36] In June 1890, the trustees adopted the Latin motto "Quaecumque Sunt Vera" from Philippians 4:8 meaning "Whatsoever things are true". The book on the seal was also altered to include the Greek text "ό λόγος πλήρης χάριτος καί άληθείας" (ho logos pleres charitos kai aletheias) from John 1:14 meaning "The Word ... full of grace and truth".[36]
The university initially adopted black and gold as its official school colors in response to the growing popularity of
Student activities
In September 1860, a
Northwestern was also home to several literary societies predating fraternal societies. The Adelphic, Hinman, and Ossoi societies published periodicals of essays, poems, and news items. These early periodicals were named The Evanstonian, The Academian, Tripod (1871–1880), and Vidette. In 1881, the Northwestern was published biweekly and ultimately evolved into the modern The Daily Northwestern newspaper. The Northwestern University Press Company published the Northwestern out of the Gymnasium building until the Press moved off-campus in 1888. By 1900, the student newspapers were published out of the basement of Old College, before they were moved to the attic of Memorial Hall in the 1920s. After World War II, the offices of the student newspaper moved frequently until Norris Hall was completed in 1972.[39]
Athletics
A Football Association was founded at Northwestern in October 1879, and the university played its first intercollegiate football game against Lake Forest College in 1882.[40] The earliest games were played on the meadow where Deering Library now stands.[40] In 1891, Knowlton L. Ames was appointed Northwestern's first football coach and work began constructing a stadium at the north end of campus that would be named Sheppard Field in honor of the university's business manager and lumber donor.[41]
By 1892, football leagues began to be formed by Midwestern colleges and Northwestern. In 1895, Northwestern President Rogers joined with university presidents at the
Men's basketball was introduced in 1901.[27] Northwestern also had several athletics teams for women during this era including tennis, field hockey, and basketball teams.[27]
Continued expansion (1905–1939)
- Includes the administrations of Abram W. Harris (1906–1916) and Walter Dill Scott (1920–1939)
The university continued its expansion through the first half of the 20th century; opening several new professional schools, expanding the residential life on the Evanston campus, and establishing a campus for the professional schools in downtown Chicago. Although the university's tax-exempt status came into dispute, a 1908
While Lunt Hall had served as the university's primary library since 1894, by the 1920s the continued expansion of the university and its academic offerings demanded a new repository space.[48] Charles Deering bequested $1 million for a project of the university's choosing after his death in 1927. James Gamble Rogers, having completed the Chicago campus, was retained again to design an expanded library. The Deering Library opened in January 1933, featured Roger's trademark collegiate neo-Gothic style, and had space for 500,000 volumes.[48]
The School of Commerce opened in 1908 in downtown Chicago under the leadership of economics professor Willard E. Hotchkiss.[35][49] The school initially offered evening classes in accounting and business law before starting a bachelor of business administration program in 1912.[49] The school became a founding member of the American Association of Collegiate Business Schools in 1917 and continued to formalize its curriculum over the next decade by introducing a full-time Bachelor of Science in commerce on the Evanston campus, launching MBA and PhD degrees, and establishing the second business research center in the nation.[49]
The College of Liberal Arts began offering evening courses for teachers in 1903 on the Evanston campus and in 1933 the popularity of the program led to the foundation of an evening undergraduate program on the Chicago campus named University College.[32][35]
The
In 1920,
Homecoming became a regular fall event starting in 1911. "Go, U Northwestern" was written by Theodore Van Etten, a member of the university's marching band, and premiered during the final football game of the season in 1912.
Chicago campus
Northwestern's professional schools had been founded or affiliated with the university at various times in its history and consequently their facilities were scattered throughout Chicago.
University of Chicago merger proposal
In 1933,
The initial proposal was so secret that the investigatory committee was titled the "Special Committee on an Important Problem" but by November 1933 the proposal had become public knowledge and created a strong backlash among Northwestern students, faculty, and alumni as well as members of the Evanston community.[60][61] Opponents accused the University of Chicago of attempting to appropriate Northwestern's tax-free charter to avoid $300,000 in annual taxes,[62] while an anonymous author promised a $25 million endowment on the condition that there be only one university in the Chicago area, while still other rumors purported that the merger was a plan for the city of Chicago to annex Evanston.[57][59] However, a significant stumbling block concerned each university's respective medical schools which differed significantly in their respective approaches to teaching and research.[59][63][64]
The concerted opposition by the medical school combined with the increasingly vocal concerns of the alumni, deans, and trustees as well as the untimely death of Melvin Taylor, who had led Northwestern's merger committee, caused both universities' boards of trustees to reject the proposal in February 1934.[65] However, the resulting debates highlighted differences in philosophy regarding the scope and practice of undergraduate, graduate, and profession education, the relationship between teaching and research, the role of students, faculty, and alumni in determining a university's identity and mission, and a university's obligation to the city and nation.[59] Despite the failure, both presidents supported the idea; Hutchins later lamented that the merger was "one of the lost opportunities of American education", while Scott wrote that the merger's failure was "a great regret to me".[57][59]
Technological Institute
The
Wartime (1939–1949)
- Includes the administration of Franklyn Bliss Snyder (1939–1949)
Antecedents
In October 1916, Dr. Frederick A. Besley, a surgeon at the school of medicine, began organizing a
World War II
Following the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Northwestern President Franklyn Bliss Snyder telegraphed President Franklin D. Roosevelt to volunteer the "entire resources of the University".[71] The university admitted students who had finished three years of high school as well as instituting summer sessions to allow them to complete their degree requirements before the minimum draft age of 20.[72] Notably, Northwestern switched its academic calendar from a semester to a quarter system to facilitate these changes and this quarter system persisted after the war into the present day.[72]
During the war, Northwestern trained 49,725 military personnel through eleven training programs.
The Midshipmen's Training School was the largest of these programs and was established in the newly constructed
Despite the extensive on-campus activity, enrollments plummeted from 19,691 in 1940 to 13,470 in 1944.
Post-war expansion
As with other post-war American universities, Northwestern underwent a tremendous expansion to accommodate surging student enrollments. Over 28,000 applications were requested for the 1946 freshman class and by 1949, more than 9,000 students were enrolled on the Evanston campus alone.
Post-war transition (1949–1970)
- Includes the administration of J. Roscoe Miller (1949–1970)
Northwestern celebrated its centennial in 1951, and was the occasion to launch an $8.25 million fund raising campaign to build Centennial Hall and Memorial Hall on the Evanston campus and an Evening Study Hall on the Chicago campus.[82] The centennial year celebrations consisted of five formal convocations, six academic conferences, a two-day Centennial Jubilee organized by the city of Evanston, and many other events by groups of students, alumni, and learned societies.[82]
In 1948,
Between 1949 and 1974, over forty buildings were constructed or remodeled on the Evanston campus.[85] Sargent Hall opened in 1950, Shepard Hall opened in 1952, Kresge Hall, Bobb Hall, and McCulloch Hall opened in 1955, Elder Hall was completed in 1959, Allison Hall in 1960, and Alice Millar Chapel was finished in 1964.[86]
Kaj Strand, director of the Dearborn Observatory, worked on planning the acquisition of Northwestern's first digital computer in 1957, an IBM 650. The computer was installed in Dearborn Observatory, replacing the venerable meridian circle. The IBM 650 was used to compute satellite orbits among other research problems.
In July 1961 an
The Vogelback Computing Center was the first building to open on the Lakefill campus in October 1964.[88] The initial computer was a Control Data 3400, later upgraded to a Control Data 6400. James E. Van Ness, professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, became the first director of Vogelback.
Starting in 1970, Northwestern's Chess program won eight of the first ten North American Computer Chess Championships.[89][90]
Lakefill campus
- 1957 - The Rock first painted by Daily Northwesternstaffers.
- 1958 - The forerunner of Northwestern's TriQuarterly literary journal is started by English professor Edward Hungerford.
- 1961 - Searle Student Health Center opens.
- 1966 - Northwestern University Medical Center organized from seven hospitals affiliated with the university.
- 1969 - Graduate School of Management formed and undergraduate School of Business discontinued. Associated Student Government formed out of the Student Senate.
Big Ten athletics
Northwestern received a bid to play in the 1949 Rose Bowl against California because Michigan, the Big 9 Conference[b] champion, was barred from going in successive years.[91] The game was memorable on several counts. Cal had a perfect 10–0 record going into the game and had averaged 28 points per game over the course of the season while the Wildcats had a record of 8–2 for the season to finish 2nd place in the conference.[92] Although neither team had faced each other before,[92] Coach Pappy Waldorf had been the Wildcats' head coach from 1935 until he left for the Golden Bears in 1946. NU's Coach Voight, only 33 years old, had played under Waldorf and had been named an All-American in 1938.[91] In the first quarter, Frank Aschenbrenner broke a Rose Bowl record when he ran for a 73-yard (67 m) touchdown although the game remained close through the third quarter. Finally, with three minutes left to play in the fourth quarter and down by one point, Northwestern launched an 88-yard (80 m) drive including a Statue of Liberty play for a 45-yard (41 m) touchdown run to defeat Cal 20–14.[91]
Racial integration
While Evanston and Chicago did not have the most oppressive
In the fall of 1956,
Between 1966 and 1968, Northwestern increased African American enrollments from less than 50 to 160.
In March 1969, an incident involving a group of black students raiding the Triangle Fraternity house, a response to racial harassment of a black female co-ed, resulted in subsequent university disciplinary action against the students and led to a hunger strike by the For Members Only group to protest the allegedly unequal punishment of the black students and tacit support of racism on campus.[105][106]
Anti-war demonstrations
Northwestern remained a staunchly conservative institution throughout its history and into the 1950s and 1960s; the University of Chicago often referred to its uptown rival as "Country Club U".
In addition to anti-war demonstrations, students also protested against the university's alleged complicity in the
After the
Retooling era (1970–1994)
- Includes the administrations of Robert H. Strotz (1970–1984) and Arnold R. Weber (1984–1994)
Miller was promoted from President to
In 1972, students voted to change the name of the athletic teams from "Wildcats" to "Purple Haze", but alumni and athletic directors opposed the change.[120]
A plan for a residential college system was proposed in the early 1970s in response to a 1969 faculty committee report recommending the creation of smaller intellectual communities.[121] The first five residential colleges opened in 1972: Urban Studies, Philosophy and Religion, and three multi-thematic colleges Lindgren, Shepard, Willard. The Women's residential college opened in 1976, the Communications college in 1981, International Studies in 1981, Fine and Performing Arts in 1982, Commerce and Industry in 1984, and Public Affairs in 1992.[121]
When
The Northwestern football team was ranked first during the first two weeks of the season in 1962 and finished second in the Big Ten in 1970 and 1971.[129] Between September 15, 1979, and September 25, 1982, the Wildcats beat the previous NCAA record losing streak of 28 games by losing 34 games in a row.[129][130]
- 1970 - University Library and Engelhart Hall built.
- 1971 - University's affirmative action program established.
- 1972 - Norris University Center, Francis Searle Building, Foster-Walker Complex completed. Wesley Memorial Hospital and Passavant Hospital merge to form Northwestern Memorial Hospital. First five residential colleges established.
- 1974 - Blomquist Recreation Center built. Football stadium gets artificial turf.
- 1975 - Pick-Staiger Concert Hall completed. First Dance Marathon.
- 1979 - Women's Basketball team wins its first Big Ten title.
- 1980 - Mary and Leigh Block Gallery opens. Women's Basketball team wins their second Big Ten title.
- 1987 - Jennifer D. Averill named the nation's outstanding hockey player. Northwestern University/Evanston Research Park begins operation. Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Dellora A. and Lester J. Norris Aquatics Center open.
- 1990 - The Family Institute at Northwestern University signed an independent affiliation agreement. Sorority and fraternity run moved from new student week to the Winter quarter.
- 1991 - Wrestler Mike Funk becomes Northwestern's first four-time All-American.
- 1992 - Charles Deering McCormick donates $10 million to establish endowed professorships that recognize outstanding teachers.
- 1993 - NUNet computer network installed.
Modern era (1994–present)
- Includes the administrations of Michael H. Schill(2022– )
David Protess launched the Medill Innocence Project in 1999, after he and students helped demonstrated the innocence of death row members.[131][132][133]
The Rock was moved 30 feet (9 m) to the east as part of a beautification project in the plaza between Harris Hall and University Hall, but cracked after workers dug up its foundation.[79][134]
In 1998, two former
- 1995 - Henry Bienen becomes university president. Northwestern ranks third in the nation in football, wins Big Ten, and loses to the University of Southern California in Rose Bowl.
- 1996 - Princess Dianavisits Northwestern.
- 1997 - Football stadium restored to natural grass surface.
- 1998 - Professor John Pople is awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
- 2000 - May 31, Northwestern commemorates the founders' first meeting by dedicating a historical marker at the corner of Clark and Lake streets in Chicago's loop.
- 2002 - Northwestern moved its Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology program to the Family Institute at Northwestern University.
- 2004 - October 2, Northwestern's football team defeats Ohio State 33–27 at home for the first time since 1958. The overtime win snapped Ohio State's dominance of 24 straight victories in the series (a streak which dated back to 1971).
- 2013 - Northwestern defeats Mississippi State 34–20 to win the Gator Bowl, their fifth consecutive bowl game and first bowl victory in 64 years.
- 2014 - President Barack Obama gives a seminal economics speech at the Evanston campus.
- 2015 - King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima of the Netherlands visit Northwestern.
Footnotes and references
Footnotes
- a. University of Illinoisin 1867.
- b. ^ The University of Chicago dropped out of the Big Ten Conference in 1946, leaving only 9 conference members until Michigan State joined in 1953.
Notes
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 5–6
- ^ "The Northwestern University Charter and Amendments" (PDF). Northwestern University. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ "History: Government Relations - Northwestern University". Northwestern University.
- ^ a b c "Planning a university to serve the Northwest Territory". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 10–11
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 6
- ^ a b c "Perpetual Scholarships provided early university funding". Northwestern University. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 23–28
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 83–84, 110
- ^ Northwestern Undergraduate Catalog 2005-07. Vol. XXVIII (3 ed.). 2005.
- ^ "History: Northwestern University".
- ^ a b "Dry for more than a century". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
- ^ a b c d Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 1–3
- ^ a b c d Pridmore 2000, pp. 11–18
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 2–4
- ^ Willard, Frances (1891). A Classic Town: The Story of Evanston (1st ed.). Woman's Temperance Publishing Association. p. 19. Retrieved February 17, 2006.
- ^ "A Vision of a Great University". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ a b Pridmore 2000, p. 20
- ^ a b "Rugged terrain becomes site of new University, community". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
- ^ Pridmore 2000, pp. 31–32
- ^ a b Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 10–13
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 17–18
- ^ "Undergraduate students can trace heritage to 1855". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2007-08-05. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
- ^ Williamson & Wild 1976, pp. 31–32
- ^ Pridmore 2000, p. 26
- ^ Pridmore 2000, p. 28
- ^ a b c d e f g "Timeline 1850-1899". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ Pridmore 2000, p. 33
- ^ a b c "Alphabetical Roster of NU Military Dead". Northwestern University Archives. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
- ^ The Diapason 1909-12-01: Vol 1 Iss 1. Internet Archive. Scranton Gillette Communications Inc. 1909-12-01.
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- ^ Terry, Don (November 16, 1998). "Survivors Make the Case Against Death Row". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ "Northwestern; Tradition Crumbles, Students Grumble". The New York Times. July 23, 1989. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ "Sentences Issues in Gambling Case". The New York Times. November 25, 1998. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ Belluck, Pam (March 27, 1998). "Ex-Northwestern Players Charged in Point-Shaving". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ Berkow, Ira (April 20, 1998). "Caught in Gambling's Grip; A Promising Career Unravels at Northwestern". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ Dedman, Bill (December 4, 1998). "4 Are Indicted in Northwestern Football Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ "College Player Dies at Practice". The New York Times. August 4, 2001. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ Fountain, John (August 8, 2001). "Amid Questions, Northwestern Honors a 'Hero'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ "Banned Substance in Wheeler's System". The New York Times. August 21, 2001. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ "University Examines Use of Supplements". The New York Times. August 13, 2001. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ "Northwestern U. Chooses a Princetonian". The New York Times. June 15, 1994. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ "Biography of President Bienen". Northwestern University. March 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
References
- Arey, Leslie B. (1979). "Northwestern University Medical School, 1859-1979" (Document). Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University.
- Diner, Steven J. A city and its universities: Public policy in Chicago, 1892-1919 (UNC Press Books, 2017) online.
- Dummett, Clifton O. Dummett; Dummett, Lois Doyle (1993). "Culture and Education in Dentistry at Northwestern University, 1891-1993" (Document). Chicago[?]: Northwestern University Dental School.
- Fine, Morris E. (1995). "Tech, the early years; an anthology of the history of the Technological Institute at Northwestern University from 1939 to 1969" (Document). Evanston: McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.
- Fine, Morris E.; Seniw, Mark E. (2001). "Tech Anthology II: ... from 1970 to 2000" (Document). Evanston: McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University.
- Morledge, Kirk W. (1980). "To the Memories: A History of the Northwestern University Waa-Mu Show, 1929-1980" (Document). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University.
- Paulison, Walter (1951). "The Tale of the Wildcats, A Centennial History of Northwestern University Athletics" (Document). Evanston, IL: Northwestern Men's Club, Northwestern University Club of Chicago, Northwestern University Alumni Association.
- Pridmore, Jay (2000). "Northwestern University: Celebrating 150 Years" (Document). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
- Rahl, James A.; Schwerin, Kurt (1960). "Northwestern University School of Law - a short history" (Document). Chicago: Northwestern University School of Law.
- Rebstock, Heather (2002). "Advancing Music for a Century: The First Hundred Years of Northwestern University's School of Music" (Document). Evanston: Northwestern University.
- Rein, Lynn Miller (1981). "Northwestern University School of Speech: a history" (Document). Evanston: Northwestern University.
- Scott, Franklin D.; Thompson, Rollin S.; Anson, Barry J.; Arpan, Floyd G. (1951). "A Pictorial History of Northwestern University, 1851-1951" (Document). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
- Sedlak, Michael W.; Williamson, Harold F. (1983). "The Evolution of Management Education, a history of the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management, 1908-1983" (Document). Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
- Sheppard, Robert D.; Hurd, Harvey B. (1906). "History of Northwestern University and Evanston" (Document). Chicago: Munsell Publishing Co.
- Snyder, Alice W. (1996). "Inventing Medill, a history of the Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University, 1921-1996" (Document). Evanston: Northwestern University.
- Ward, Estelle Frances (1924). "The Story of Northwestern University" (Document). New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
- Williamson, Harold F.; Wild, Payson S. (1976). "Northwestern University, A history, 1850-1975" (Document). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
- Wilde, Arthur H. (1905). "Northwestern University, A History, 1855-1905" (Document). New York: University Publishing Society.
External links
- About Northwestern - History
- Northwestern University Archives - History
- Northwestern Historical Timeline
- Encyclopedia of Chicago