History of the Telangana movement

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Coordinates: 17°59′N 79°35′E / 17.99°N 79.59°E / 17.99; 79.59
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Part of a series on the
Telangana movement

Telangana region marked in white within the state of Andhra Pradesh (prior to the 2014 split)
Background
History

Early events

  • 2004-2010

Srikrishna Committee and aftermath

Formation of Telangana

The history of the Telangana movement refers to the political and social conditions under which the Telangana region was merged with Andhra State to form the state of Andhra Pradesh and the subsequent demands to reverse the merger to form a new state of Telangana from united Andhra Pradesh.

Monarchy to Democracy

When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the

Operation Polo
.

A

Bombay state. In 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State in the first democratic election. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.[4][5]

In 1952,

Potti Sri Ramulu to create Andhra State in 1953, with Kurnool as its capital.[6][7][8]

In 1952, there was a students agitation against non Mulkis (mulki meaning locals). The agitation arose after many jobs were taken by people from coastal Andhra. The popular slogans were Non-Mulki go back and Idli Sambar go back. During the protests seven students were killed in police firing. Some sources claim that the Mulki Movement started as far back as 1927.

Merging of Hyderabad State and Andhra

In December 1953, the

Mysore state
.

Mysore states respectively, and the rest of the state (Telangana) was merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh
.

The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu speaking Telangana region with Andhra state, despite their common language. Paragraph 382 of the States Reorganisation Commission Report (SRC) said "opinion in Andhra is overwhelmingly in favour of the larger unit; public opinion in Telangana has still to crystallise itself. Important leaders of public opinion in Andhra themselves seem to appreciate that the unification of Telangana with Andhra, though desirable, should be based on a voluntary and willing association of the people and that it is primarily for the people of Telangana to take a decision about their future". The people of Telangana had several concerns. The region had a less-developed economy than Andhra, but with a larger revenue base (mostly because it taxed rather than prohibited alcoholic beverages), which people of Telangana feared might be diverted for use in Andhra. They feared that planned irrigation projects on the Krishna and Godavari rivers would not benefit Telangana proportionately, even though people of Telangana controlled the headwaters of the rivers. It was feared that the people of Andhra, who had access to higher standards of education under the British rule, would have an unfair advantage in seeking government and educational jobs.

The commission proposed that the Telangana region be constituted as a separate state with a provision for unification with Andhra state, after the 1961 general elections, if a resolution could be passed in the Telangana state assembly with a two-thirds majority. The

Chief Minister of Hyderabad State, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, expressed his view that a majority of Telangana people were against the merger.[10] He supported the Congress party's central leadership decision to merge Telangana and Andhra despite opposition in Telangana.[11] Andhra state assembly passed a resolution on 25 November 1955 to provide safeguards to Telangana. The resolution said, "Assembly would further like to assure the people in Telangana that the development of that area would be deemed to be special charge, and that certain priorities and special protection will be given for the improvement of that area, such as reservation in services and educational institutions on the basis of population and irrigational development."[12] Telangana leaders did not believe the safeguards would work.[13][14]

Hyderabad Chief minister in his letter to Congress President said Communist parties supported the merger for their political calculations. Hyderabad PCC chief said overwhelming majority from Congress party opposed the merger and Communists were elected in special circumstances in 1951 and Visalandhra was not a political issue in 1951 and Assembly does not reflect people's view on this issue. He also said 80% of Congress delegates who were elected in 1955 opposed merger. Government had to provide the additional security for Communist leaders who supported the Visalandhra.[13]

In Hyderabad assembly out of 174 MLAs On 3 December 1955, 147 MLAs expressed their view. 103 MLA's (including Marathi and Kannada MLAs) supported the merger, 16 MLAs maintained neutral stand and 29 opposed merger. Among Telangana MLAs, 25 Telangana MLAs disagreed with the merger, 59 Telangana MLAs supported the merger. Out of 94 Telangana MLAs in the assembly, 36 were Communists (PDF), 40 were Congress, 11 were Socialist party (SP), 9 were independents. Voting did not take place on the resolution because Telangana proponents insisted on to including the phrase "As per the wishes of people" in the resolution.[15][16]

With lobbying from Andhra Congress leaders and with pressure from the Central leadership of Congress party, an agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.

Gentlemen's agreement. The agreement allowed the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 itself, against the SRC's recommendations of waiting until 1961 to get the approval of 2/3 of Telangana state assembly after the 2 cycles of elections in Telangana state.[citation needed
]

Gentlemen's agreement, the central government established a unified Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.[6][24][25] The agreement provided reassurances to Telangana in terms of power-sharing as well as administrative domicile rules and distribution of expenses of various regions.[citation needed
]

1969 Telangana Agitation

Main article: 1969 Telangana Agitation

In 1969, Telangana agitation arose after students felt betrayed and ensuing battle with the government and the students, 369 students were killed in police firing.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "AP history- Govt of AP". Aponline.gov.in. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  2. ^ "'Regional colour' to Hyderabad liberation movement decried". The Hindu. 18 September 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2003. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  3. ^ "Painful memories for erstwhile Hyderabad State". Twocircles.net. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  4. ^ "Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state". Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^ "Hyderabad Agitation Against Non-Mulkis" (PDF). he Economic and Political Weekly. 13 September 1952. pp. 943–944. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  6. ^ a b "History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era". APonline. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  7. ^ "After Sriramulu, Andhra State". The Hindu. 18 December 2002. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  8. ^ "Andhra State formed". The Hindu. 1 October 2003. Archived from the original on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  9. ^ "SRC submits report". The Hindu. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original on 1 March 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  10. ^ Hyderabad CM's Views on merger
  11. ^ "Pro-Telangana crowd mob Andhra ex-minister at airport; Hyderabad CM appeal to people: Abide by High command decision - Page 8 of Nov 16, 1955 Indian Express". 16 November 1955. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  12. ^ "Vishandhra here and now. Special safeguards for Telangana. -Govt motion in Andhra Assembly - Page 5 of Nov 26, 1955 Indian Express". 26 November 1955. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  13. ^ a b "No belief in Safeguards: Hyderabad PCC chief. - Page 4 of Nov 21, 1955 Indian Express". 21 November 1955. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  14. ^ "Telangana Leaders must Adhere to Delhi Resolution - High command advise; High command has open mind, Claims Chenna Reddi - Plea for Telangana - Page 7 of Nov 27, 1955 Indian Express". 27 November 1955. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  15. ^ "Page 1 of the edition December 5, 1955". Andhra Prabha dated 5 December 1955. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  16. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad" (PDF). Election Commission. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  17. ^ "SRC sub committee said no decision on Visalandhra taken.- Page 1 of Feb 1, 1956 Indian Express". 1 February 1956. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  18. ^ "New Telugu state to be called Hyderabad. Regional council for Telangana. - Page 1 of Feb 21, 1956 Indian Express". 21 February 1956. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  19. ^ "Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953". 2 October 1953. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  20. ^ "Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953". Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  21. ^ "Reorganisation, then and now". Frontlineonnet.com. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  22. ^ "Nehru compares merger with Matrimonial alliance with provision for divorce". Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  23. ^ Nehru compares the Andhra Telangana merger to Matrimonial alliance. Page 5 of Andhra Patrika 3 Nov 1956
  24. ^ "dated March 7, 1956: Visalandhra to be formed". The Hindu. 7 March 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  25. ^ "Andhra Pradesh formed". The Hindu. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2011.

External links

Preceded by
Indian Independence
 Telangana movement
1952–1968 		Succeeded by

17°59′N 79°35′E / 17.99°N 79.59°E / 17.99; 79.59

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