Telangana

Main article:

police action. In 1956, the Hyderabad State was dissolved—and its Telugu speaking region Telangana was merged with the Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh. A peasant-driven movement began to advocate for separation from Andhra Pradesh starting in the early 1950s, and continued until Telangana was granted statehood on 2 June 2014.^[26]

The historic city

Golconda Diamonds

became synonymous with Golconda itself.

• Maurya Empire (320 BCE–180 BCE)
• Satavahana dynasty (180 BCE–220 CE)
• Vakataka dynasty (250 CE–500 CE)
• Vishnukundina dynasty (420 CE–624 CE)
• Chalukya dynasty (543 CE–753 CE)
• Rashtrakuta dynasty
  (753 CE–982 CE)
• Kakatiya dynasty (1083 CE–1323 CE)
• Delhi Sultanate (1323 CE–1326 CE)
• Musunuri Nayaks
  (1326 CE–1356 CE)
• Recherla Nayaks
  (1356 CE–1424 CE)
• Bahmani Sultanate (1347 CE–1512 CE)
• Vijayanagara Empire (1336 CE–1646 CE)
• Qutb Shahi dynasty (1512 CE–1687 CE)
• Mughal Empire (1687 CE–1724 CE)
• Asaf Jahi Dynasty
  (1724 CE–1948 CE)

Early history

See also: Maurya Empire

From 230 BCE to 220 CE, the

Rashtrakuta and Western Chalukya, ruled the area.^[28]

Medieval period

Main article: Kakatiya dynasty

Kakatiyas

at Ghanpur, Mulug in Warangal district.

The Telangana area experienced its golden age during the reign of the

Prataparudra II were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty. The dynasty weakened with the attack of Malik Kafur in 1309 and was dissolved after the defeat of Prataparudra by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1323.^[29][30]

Golconda Fort

The area came under the rule of the

Quli Qutb Mulk, a governor of Golconda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518. On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golconda fort.^[31]

During the early seventeenth century a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in Telangana. Large quantities of cotton were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced.[32]

In 1712,

Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed by emperor Farrukhsiyar as the viceroy of Deccan with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (meaning "Administrator of the Realm"). He was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan to reclaim the Deccan suba, establishing it as an autonomous province of the Mughal empire. He took the name Asif Jah, starting what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty.^[28] He named the area Hyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were called Asif Jahi Nizams or nizams of Hyderabad. The Medak and Warangal divisions of Telangana were part of their realm.^[33]

Telangana was the seat of numerous dynasties. The Chowmahalla Palace was home to the Nizams of Hyderabad.

Hyderabad State in 1909.

When Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. The Nizam

Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV signed the subsidiary alliance with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defence and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a princely state among the presidencies and provinces of British India.^[33]

In 1787, heavy flooding killed over 20,000 causing a plague which killed about 10,656,000 Telugus again in Telangana.[34]

Modern period

When

Operation Polo.^[28] It appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as first chief minister of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950.^[35] He administered the state with the help of English-educated bureaucrats from the Madras and Bombay states, who were familiar with British systems of administration unlike the bureaucrats of Hyderabad State who used a completely different administrative system. The official language of the state was switched from Urdu to English

.

In 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected chief minister of the Hyderabad State in its first democratic election. During this time, there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send the Madras state bureaucrats back and implement a rule by the natives (mulkis) of Hyderabad (Syed Alam Sharjil) was elected chief minister of Hyderabad after (Dr. Burgula Ramakrishana Rao) for one year after he resigned from the post.^[36]

Main article: Telangana Rebellion

The

communists. It originated in the Telangana regions of the Hyderabad State between 1946 and 1951, led by the Communist Party of India (CPI).^[37]

The revolt began in the

Operation Polo.^[38] Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the framework of Indian democracy.^[39]

In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed to form states on a linguistic basis.^[40] An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.^[41] After reorganisation in 1956, the region of Telangana was merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.

Following this

East Godavari and Aswaraopeta from West Godavari to Khammam

for administrative convenience.

Main article: Telangana movement

There had been several movements to revoke the merger of Telangana and Andhra, major ones occurring in 1969, 1972, and 2009. The movement for a new state of Telangana gained momentum in the 21st century by an initiative of

Rayalseema

regions occurred immediately after the announcement, and the decision was put on hold on 23 December 2009.

The movement continued in Hyderabad and other districts of Telangana.^[46] There were hundreds of claimed suicides,^[47] strikes, protests and disturbances to public life demanding separate statehood.

See also: Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014

On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state. After various stages the bill was placed in the Parliament of India in February 2014.^[48] In February 2014, Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of Telangana state, comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.^[49] The bill received the assent of the president and was published in the Gazette on 1 March 2014.^[50]

The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.

Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao was elected as the first chief minister of Telangana, following elections in which the Bharat Rashtra Samithi party secured a majority.^[51] Hyderabad would remain as the joint capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period. Within the decade, Hyderabad would become the capital of the state of Telangana, and a new capital was selected for Andhra Pradesh.^[52] Andhra Pradesh picked Amaravati as its capital and relocated its secretariat in 2016 and its legislature in 2017.^[53][54]

Geography

See also: List of cities and towns in Telangana

Telangana is situated on the Deccan Plateau, in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. It covers 112,077 square kilometres (43,273 sq mi).^[2] The region is drained by two major rivers, with about 79% of the Godavari River catchment area and about 69% of the Krishna River catchment area, but most of the land is arid.^[2] Telangana is also drained by several minor rivers such as the Bhima, the Maner, the Manjira, the Musi, and the Tungabhadra.

The annual rainfall is between 900 and 1500mm in northern Telangana and 700 to 900mm in southern Telangana, from the southwest monsoons. Telangana contains various soil types, some of which are red sandy loams (Chalaka), Red loamy sands (Dubba), lateritic soils, salt-affected soils, alluvial soils, shallow to medium black soils and very deep black cotton soils. These soil types allow the planting of a variety of fruits and vegetable crops such as mangoes, oranges, coconut, sugarcane, paddy, banana and flower crops.^[55][56][57]

Climate

Telangana is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in mid-April with average high temperatures in the 37–38 °C (99–100 °F) range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until Late-September with about 755 mm (29.7 inches) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures^[58] in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range.

Ecology

The

Sacred groves are small areas of forest preserved by local people. Sacred groves provide sanctuary to the local flora and fauna. Some are included within other protected areas, like Kadalivanam in Nagarjunsagar–Srisailam Tiger Reserve, but most stand alone. There are 65 sacred groves in Telangana—two in Adilabad district, thirteen in Hyderabad district, four in Karimnagar district, four in Khammam district, nine in Mahbubnagar district, four in Medak district, nine in Nalgonda district, ten in Ranga Reddy district, and three in Warangal district.^[60]

Demographics

Language

According to the 2011 census, Hindus form 85.1% of the State's population. Muslims form 12.7% and Christians form 1.3%.^[71]

Religious edifices like the

Hyderabadi cuisine and Kakatiya architecture both from Telangana, are on the list of creativity UNESCO creative city of gastronomy and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The cultural centers of Telangana, Hyderabad and Warangal, are noted for their wealth and renowned historical structures –

Literacy

According to the 2011 census, Telangana's literacy rate is 66.46%. Male literacy and female literacy are 74.95% and 57.92%, respectively.^[2] Hyderabad district has the highest literacy rate with 80.96% and Mahabubnagar district has the lowest with 56.06%.^[72]

In a 2019 report, the Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India, by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Telangana has a literacy rate of 72.8% which is the fourth lowest among large states. It also has the second lowest literacy rate among rural women at 53.7%. 37.1% of the population aged 3–35 years received free education at pre-primary and higher levels in Telangana.^[11]

Administrative divisions

The state is divided into

Telangana is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are three branches of government.

1. Governor. The governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India
   . The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.
2. The legislature, the
   Member of the Legislative Council
   . Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of members retiring every two years.
3. The
   High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad
   and a system of lower courts.

Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes seats to Lok Sabha.

The main political parties in the

Economy

The economy of Telangana is mainly driven by agriculture. Two important rivers of India, the Godavari and Krishna, flow through the state, providing irrigation. Farmers in Telangana mainly depend on rain-fed water sources for irrigation. Rice is the major food crop. Other important crops are cotton, sugar cane, mango, and tobacco. Recently, crops used for

The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology and biotechnology. Telangana is one of top IT-exporting states of India. There are 68 Special Economic Zones in the state.^[79]

Telangana is a mineral-rich state, with coal reserves at Singareni Collieries Company.^[80]

Agriculture

Rice is the major

Agri Export Zones for the following produce have been proposed for the following locations:^{[83][citation needed]}

• Rangareddy, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal
• grapes
  : Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Medak, Mahabubnagar

Flachs surveyed farming households about their experiences with GM hybrid cottonseeds from 2012 to 2016. His research initially focused on the agricultural decision-making process among Telangana cotton farmers in the wake of genetically modified seed market expansion, then later on the concept of manci digubadi as a script. Manci digubadi means “good yields,” with a more extended phrasing being “manci digubadi annakunthunnanu,” which translates to “I’m hoping for good yields.” The concept of manci digubadi, as described by Flachs, posits that seed choice should be made based on whether or not it has “good yields,”  which is dependent solely on what the individual believes is “good.” Flachs further argues that this script is used in the absence of reliable experiential knowledge in the face of agricultural development and GMOs. This is because, in the pursuit of a good yield, cotton farmers learn little about the seeds they use before they switch to the next promising new brands, some of which have been smuggled in or bought on the black market. Marketing, the constant influx of new options, and the fear of missing out on popular seeds also contribute to the high turnover. This high turnover and the resulting lack of experiential knowledge have resulted in cotton farmers unwittingly planting the same type of seed multiple times because they are under different brand names. In contrast to this, farmers adopt and abandon seeds from public-sector-bred crops like rice and heirloom vegetables more slowly so they can rely more on experiential knowledge to make decisions.^[84]

Telangana cotton farmers are at risk for debt and suicide caused by agricultural pressures such as unreliable credit, pest problems, and agricultural management uncertainty. Flachs argues that seed choices and the rationalisation behind the choice are central to the agricultural political economy, as seed choice is “the first decision that cotton farmers make and one that they cannot take back.”^[84] Flachs argues that cotton seed choices are driven less by economic rationalism and more by an aspiration to overcome generational poverty and historical marginalisation.^[84] Flachs found evidence in his work suggesting that many farmers' seed choices are influenced by the choices of their neighbours or more wealthy landowners. As an example of manci digubadi being used in place of experiential knowledge, Flachs gives the story of a farmer who had planted the Mahyco company’s Neeraja cottonseed for nine years abandoned that seed in favour of Kaveri’s Jaadoo seed after hearing reports that the Jaadoo seeds had done well in a neighbouring village. Farmers also seek advice from non-household experts such as pesticide shop managers and university extension agents. There is no objective cost-benefit analysis because the costs and benefits are ambiguous due to things variations of factors like weather and pests and farmers having no reliable measure for what constitutes a good yield for cotton.^[84]

Industries

Several major manufacturing and services industries are in operation mainly around

Hyderabad is also a major site for healthcare-related industries including hospitals and pharmaceutical organisations such as Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Yashoda Hospitals, LV Prasad Eye Care, Akruti Institute of cosmetic and plastic surgery, Fever Hospital, Durgabai Deshmukh, Continental Hospitals and Apollo Hospitals. Many pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical-related companies like Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Shantha Biotechnics and Aragen (Formerly GVK BIO) are based out of Hyderabad.

In addition, Hyderabad-based healthcare non-profits include the Indian Heart Association, a cardiovascular disease NGO.^[91]

Tourism

Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation (TSTDC) is a state government agency which promotes tourism in Telangana.^[92] Telangana has a variety of tourist attractions including historical places, monuments, forts, waterfalls, forests and temples.

Waterfalls

• Kuntala, Adilabad district
  .
• Bogatha Waterfall is waterfall located in Koyaveerapuram G, Wazeedu Mandal, Jayashankar Bhupalpally district, Telangana.^[93][94]
• Savatula Gundam Waterfalls in Adilabad district

Media

The print media mainly consists of Telugu and English newspapers.

Public transport

The state is well connected with other states by means of road, rail and airways. The Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC) is the major public transport corporation that connects all the cities and villages.^[96] Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station (M.G.B.S) in Hyderabad is the central bus-station of the state.^[97][98] Jubilee Bus Station in Secunderabad serves inter city bus services.

Roadways

The state has a total of

The history of railways in this region dates back to the time of

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at Shamshabad is an international airport serving the city of Hyderabad. It is the largest airport in the state and one of the busiest airports in the country. The government has plans to upgrade Warangal Airport, Nizamabad Airport^[102] and Ramagundam Airport - it also plans to construct airports in Ramagundam and Kothagudem using the UDAN scheme.^[103]

Warangal has a domestic airport in Mamunooru which was established in the year 1930 during the Nizam period. All the exports and imports of Azam Jahi Mills, Warangal were done through the Warangal Airport.^{[citation needed]}

Culture

The state has a rich tradition in classical music, painting and folk arts such as Burra Katha, shadow puppet show, and

The important festivals of the state are Bonalu and Bathukamma.

Architecture

Badami Chalukya architecture is spread across the state, notable temple is Alampur Jogulamba Temple. Chalukyas of Vemulavada built many Temples in Vemulawada, Bheemeshvara temple, Raja Rajeswara Temple, Vemulawada.

Medieval forts such as the

The Nizam era saw the construction of palaces such as the Chowmahalla Palace and Falaknuma Palace, as well as elaborate public buildings such as the Osmania General Hospital, all in Hyderabad.

Religious destinations

There are religious worship centres of different religions in the state.

Hindu worship destinations include

Christian worship centres include the Diocese of Dornakal of the Church of South India, Bahe Church of South India, and Medak Cathedral. There are also some Buddhist destinations, such as Nelakondapalli, Dhulikatta, Phanigiri and Kolanpaka.^[107]

Cinema

Telugu cinema, also known by its sobriquet as

Indigenous art forms of Telangana include the Cheriyal scroll painting,^[117] Nirmal paintings, and Karimnagar Silver Filigree.^[118] A distinctive Persianate style of painting, called Deccan painting developed in the region during the medieval period.^[119]

Notable museums in the state include the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which is one of the largest in India.^[120] Other museums include the Telangana State Archeology Museum, City Museum, and Nizam Museum in Hyderabad, Warangal Museum in Warangal, and Alampur Museum in Alampur.

Education

Telangana has multiple institutes of higher education universities along with numerous primary and secondary schools. The Department of Higher Education deals with matters relating to education at various levels in the state of Telangana.

Kendriya Vidyalayas and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas are run by agencies of the central government.^[121] As of 2017^[update], there are 41,337 schools in the state, with about 70% of them being government schools.^[122]

Telangana is home to 27 universities, which include 3

private universities. The Osmania University in Hyderabad, established in 1918, is the oldest modern university in the state, and one of the largest university systems in the world. The University of Hyderabad consistently ranks among the top universities in the country.^[123] Apart from these, specialised institutes of national importance in the state include AIIMS Bibinagar, IIT Hyderabad, and NIT Warangal.^[124]

Other notable institutions include

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Basar, among others.^[125]

Sports

See also: Sports in Hyderabad § Sports and Stadiums

Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium

The

G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium, in Gachibowli.^[126]

The Hyderabad cricket team is represented in the Ranji Trophy and has won twice. The Sunrisers Hyderabad, an Indian Premier League franchise, is based in Hyderabad and has won the trophy once. Deccan Chargers, a currently defunct franchise from Hyderabad, also won the Indian Premier League once. The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is the home ground of both Hyderabad cricket team and Sunrisers Hyderabad. It hosts international as well as domestic matches.

The

Premier Futsal

franchise are also based in Hyderabad. Hyderabad Hunters have won the Premier Badminton League title.

Other stadiums include

Gachibowli Indoor Stadium

.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Telangana

See also

• Hyderabad State
• Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
• List of people from Telangana
• Telangana Language Day
• List of Cities and Towns in Telangana

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Further reading

• India: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. September 1995. Regionalism. (Direct link Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine.)
• Virendra Kumar (1975). "Committee on Telangana surpluses, 1969 – Report by Justice Bhargava". Committees and commissions in India, 1947–1973. Vol. 9. New Delhi: D. K. Publishing House. p. 175.
  ISBN 978-8170221975. Archived
  from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
• Sarojini Regani (1986). Nizam – British Relations 1724–1857. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
  ISBN 978-8170221951. Archived
  from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
• Duncan B. Forrester (Spring 1970). "Subregionalism in India: The Case of Telangana". Pacific Affairs. 43 (1). University of British Columbia: 5–21.
  JSTOR 2753831
  .
• Karen Leonard (May 1971). "The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants". The Journal of Asian Studies. 30 (3). Association for Asian Studies: 569–582.
  JSTOR 2052461. Archived
  from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
• "ReInventing Telangana – First Steps- Socio Economic Outlook 2105". Planning Department, Govt of Telangana. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
• Narayan, B. K. (1960). "Agricultural Development in Hyderabad State, 1900–1956: A Study in Economic History". Keshav Prakashan. Retrieved 5 July 2019.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telangana.

Government

• Official Site of Telangana Government

General information

• Telangana web resources provided by GovPubs at the
  University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• Telangana at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Telangana at
  Curlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of Telangana
• Geographic data related to Telangana at OpenStreetMap