Honey bee race

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Within

A. m. ligustica there are two races, the darker leather brown northern Italian bee from the Ligurian Alps region which was discovered to be resistant to acarine in the 1900s, while the other Italian bee race, from regions near Bologna and further south, was highly susceptible to acarine and within this race there are two color strains, the traditional Italian yellow and a rarer all-golden color.[5][6]

Description

The races of the

Apis mellifera
which descend from bees that originated in Africa.

Differences in the colors of bees may be more pronounced in

spermatozoa
from which are retained within her body, meaning that workers may only be half-sisters to each other, and their colors and other characteristics may differ.

In the Americas, there has been a great deal of interbreeding of subspecies, since all honey bees were imported at some point after 1492 and the subsequent

Columbian Exchange. Among beekeepers, the term race has been used increasingly imprecisely, and is often used to refer to bee subspecies and hybrids
, as well as subspecies divisions, more improperly.

There are also variations within subspecies (like within

zoological nomenclature
does not recognize these named "races" as valid, as only ranks of subspecies and above have formal scientific names in zoology.

Classifications

Based on morphological similarities and the separation of regions during and since the last Ice Age, there are five bee lineages:[7]

(Hybrids and bee breeds, even with known ancestry, such as the Buckfast bee, are not included within the bee lineages; they are crossings of the Apis mellifera subspecies and are not defined as subspecies in their own right)

The known subspecies within the lineage 'A' are:

The known subspecies within the lineage 'C' are:

The known subspecies within the lineage 'M' are:

The known subspecies within the lineage 'O' are:

The known subspecies within the lineage 'Y'[10]) are:

References

  1. S2CID 86180826
    .
  2. doi:10.1094/pd-75-0733
  3. PMID 10798550
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-674-07409-5
    .
  5. ISBN 9780907908326
    .
  6. ^ Api Expert (2014-06-14). "The Italian Honey Bee. Characteristics and recommendations". apiexpert.eu. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  7. ^ Gene flow within the M evolutionary lineage of Apis mellifera: role of the Pyrenees, isolation by distance and post-glacial re-colonization routes in western Europe. Apidologie 38 (2007) 141–155. 2 August 2006. p141
  8. doi:10.1007/s13592-017-0538-y
    .
  9. ^ Michael S. Engel (1999). "The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 8: 165–196.
  10. ^ "Genetics and ecological studies on honeybee's population in Sudan". Mogga 1988, El-Sarrag et al. 1992.
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