Horatio Greenough

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Horatio Greenough (September 6, 1805 – December 18, 1852) was an American sculptor best known for his United States government commissions

The son of Elizabeth (née Bender) and David Greenough, he was born in Boston on September 6, 1805, into a home with ethics for honesty and emphasis on good education. Horatio showed an early interest in artistic and mechanical hobbies. Particularly attracted to chalk, around the age of 12 he made a chalk statue of William Penn, known as his earliest work of record. Horatio also experimented with clay, which medium he learned from Solomon Willard. He also learned how to carve with marble under instruction from Alpheus Cary. Horatio seemed to have a natural talent for art, yet his father wasn't fond of the idea of this as a career for Horatio.

In 1814 Horatio Greenough enrolled at

These two became close friends and studied together the

Although Greenough was generally healthy, in December 1852 he contracted a severe fever. On December 18, after two weeks of this high fever he died at the age of 47 in Somerville, near Boston.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1843.^[1] His sketchbook is held in the Archives of American Art.^[2] In 1828 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.

His younger brother was the sculptor Richard Saltonstall Greenough.

Horatio's son, biologist Horatio S. Greenough, proposed a stereo microscope design to Ernst Abbe of Carl Zeiss AG c. 1896 in Paris that led to the first commercial stereomicroscope.^[3] The younger Greenough's design, originally intended for dissection, is still widely used in the optics industry.^[4]

Works

His sculptures reflected truth and reality, but also ancient classical aesthetic ideals learned from

His works are in the Art Institute of Chicago,^[5] Metropolitan Museum of Art,^[6] Museum of Fine Arts,^[7] and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Architectural theory

Probably Greenough's most enduring achievements are his essays on art. Here Greenough repeatedly criticized contemporary American architecture for its imitation of European historical building styles, wrote enthusiastically about the beauty of animal bodies, of machine constructions, and of ship design, and argued that as to architecture, formal solutions were inherent in the functions of the building; in this he anticipated the later functionalist thinking (see Functionalism). The origin of the phrase form follows function is often, but wrongly, ascribed to Greenough, although the theory of inherent forms, of which the phrase is a fitting summary, informs all of Greenough's writing on art, design, and architecture. The phrase itself was coined by the architect Louis Sullivan, Greenough's much younger compatriot, in 1896, some fifty years after Greenough's death. Greenough, just as Sullivan himself, was influenced by the transcendentalist thinking and the unitarian religion of Ralph Waldo Emerson who wrote, e.g. in his essay on "Nature" (1836), that "Nature who made the mason, made the house." He was, however, a Protestant.^[8] Greenough's writings were for a long time largely forgotten, and were rediscovered only in the 1930s; in 1947 a selection of his essays was published under the title Form and Function: Remarks on Art by Horatio Greenough.

Gallery

• 
  George Washington (1840)
• 
  The Rescue

  (1837–50) at its former site on the east facade of the U.S. Capitol

References

Sources

• Henry T Tuckerman, A memorial of Horatio Greenough, New York: G. P, Putnam & Co., 1853.
• Frances Boott Greenough, Letters of Horatio Greenough to His Brother, Henry Greenough, Ticknor, 1887; BiblioBazaar, 2010,
  ISBN 978-1-144-90086-9
• Sylvia E. Crane, White silence; Greenough, Powers, and Crawford, American sculptors in nineteenth-century Italy. University of Miami Press, 1972,
  ISBN 0-87024-199-0
• Horatio Greenough, Form and Function: Remarks on Art, Harold A. Small (ed), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947
• Nathalia Wright, Horatio Greenough: the first American sculptor, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963,
  ISBN 978-0-686-92668-9
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Greenough, Horatio" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 550.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horatio Greenough.

Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article about "Horatio Greenough".

• "Horatio Greenough: An American Sculptor's Drawings", Middlebury College Museum of Art
• "Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852, sculptor". SIRIS
• "The Chanting Cherubs: Horatio Greenough's Marble Group for James Fenimore Cooper", New York History, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 2 (April 1957), pp. 177–197.
• "Horatio Greenough's The Chanting Cherubs", Museum of Missing History