Iberian Pact
Type | Non-Aggression Pact |
---|---|
Signed | 17 March 1939 |
Location | Lisbon, Portugal |
Expiration | 2 November 1977 |
Signatories | |
Parties | |
Languages |
The Iberian Pact (Pacto Ibérico) or Peninsular Pact, formally the Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression,
The Iberian Pact marked the beginning of a new phase in Iberian relations, and regular meetings between Franco and Salazar played a fundamental role in the new political arrangement.
Background
The treaty was conceived in the final months of the
Spain was motivated with its desire to remain neutral in what it saw was an inevitable future war between the United Kingdom and Germany, and it hoped that a treaty would detach Portugal from British influence. Spain was willing to expel its
On 16 September 1938, in the background of the
Articles
- Article 1 stated that the parties would respect each other's borders and territories and not conduct acts of aggression against each other.
- Article 2 stated that the parties would not assist aggressors acting against each other.
- Article 3 stated that the parties would not enter pacts or alliances with other powers threatening each other.
- Article 4 stated that if a party entered a pact or alliance with another power, the treaty would remain in force.
- Article 5 set the treaty duration at ten years and outlined a process for extension at ten-year intervals.
- Article 6 stated that the treaty would not enter force until an exchange of ratifications had taken place.[5][8]
Aftermath
The Iberian Pact declared mutual respect for borders and territories and declared that assistance would be denied to aggressors to the signatory nations. The pact did not call into question previous alliances, such as the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, and established that future pacts or alliance would safeguard Iberian interests and neutrality in the event of a general European war. The pact was originally planned to last ten years, but Article 5 provided for extensions for additional ten-year periods.[9][5]
The pact was stressed when Spain, abandoning neutrality previously promised to Portugal, took on the status of a non-belligerent power and invaded the
On 20 September 1948, after negotiations between Nicolás Franco and José Caeiro da Mata the pact was renewed and expanded[8] in a move that was seen as a victory for Spanish diplomacy as it showed that Spain was not alone in the postwar era, and that Portuguese membership in NATO, which was then being negotiated, did not render the pact moot.[12][10]
In 1958, the pact was expanded into a mutual
The pact was expanded and renewed in 1970.[15] In March 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, António de Spínola attempted to invoke the pact to demand Spanish intervention. This was rejected by Franco.[16]
The Iberian Pact was replaced in 1977 by the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal after both countries had transitioned into democracies.[17]
See also
- Portugal in World War II
- Spain in World War II
- Pedro Teotónio Pereira
- Portugal–Spain relations
Notes
- ^ Spanish: Tratado de Amistad y No Agresión entre Portugal y España; Portuguese: Tratado de Amizade e Não Agressão entre Portugal e Espanha
Sources
- ISBN 978-1121497245.
- Hoare, Samuel (1946). Ambassador on Special Mission. Collins; First Edition. pp. 124, 125.
- Kay, Hugh (1970). Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorn Books.
References
- ^ a b Maria Inácia Rezola, "The Franco–Salazar Meetings: Foreign policy and Iberian relations during the Dictatorships (1942–1963)" E-Journal of Portuguese History (2008) 6#2 pp. 1–11. online
- ^ Hoare 1946, p. 58.
- ISBN 9780231704250.
- ^ Beevor, Antony. La Guerra civil española Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine(in Spanish)
- ^ JSTOR 43210145.
- ^ "Six centuries of Iberian rivalry. Portugal in the shadow of Spain – PortVitoria". Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Geopolítica crítica: el Pacto Ibérico de 1939". www.ub.edu. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ a b c JOSÉ SEBASTIAN, DE ERICE. Espana y Portugal. pp. 215–223.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Pacto Ibérico - prodigy MSN Encarta". 10 November 2007. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ a b Rezola, Maria Inácia (2008). "The Franco–Salazar Meetings: Foreign policy and Iberian relations during the Dictatorships (1942-1963)" (PDF). e-Journal of Portuguese History. 2.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ a b "e-journal of Portuguese History". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Portugal's role in the Spanish Civil War". www.algarvehistoryassociation.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ISBN 9780160015670.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ISBN 9781134829408.
- ISBN 978-1-134-98774-0.