Ibn Muqla

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Ibn Muqla
Abbasid court official and vizier
Years active908–936
Known forIslamic calligraphy
StyleNaskh, Thuluth, Tawqi, Muhaqqaq
Parent
  • Ali ibn Muqla (father)

Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muqla (

Ibn Ra'iq, and died in prison. He was also a noted calligrapher, inventing al-khatt al-mansūb (الخط المنسوب) and khatt ath-thuluth (خط الثلث).[1]

Life

Early life and career

Ibn Muqla was born in

diwan) of the public estates.[2]

First vizierate

By cultivating the friendship of the powerful chamberlain (

hadjib) Nasr, Ibn Muqla managed to secure the post of vizier for himself after Ali's disgrace in 928.[2] His vizierate however was marked by extreme internal instability, including a short-lived coup in 929, instigated by Mu'nis, which deposed al-Muqtadir in favour of his brother al-Qahir.[2][4] Despite the coup's failure, Mu'nis and his close ally Ali ibn Isa now dominated the government, and led to Ibn Muqla's dismissal in 930.[2]

Second vizierate and the overthrow of al-Qahir

Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries

Ibn Muqla was reappointed as vizier by al-Qahir when he succeeded al-Muqtadir after the latter's death in 932. The new caliph's attempts to assert his own authority met with opposition both from Ibn Muqla and from Mu'nis. Mu'nis started conspiring against al-Qahir, but he was arrested and killed before he could act, whereupon, after only six months in office, Ibn Muqla was dismissed.[2][5] Ibn Muqla then headed another conspiracy, and in 934 al-Qahir was captured, blinded and deposed by the Baghdad troops, with his nephew al-Radi succeeding him.[6]

Third vizierate and downfall

Initially, al-Radi sent for Ali ibn Isa to once more assume the vizierate, but the latter refused on account of his advanced age;[7] Ibn Muqla was then appointed to his third term of office.[2] However, for the first months of the reign, Muhammad ibn Yaqut continued to be the most powerful member of the court until his downfall in April 935; only then did Ibn Muqla truly gain control of the administration.[7]

By this time, the greatest threat faced by the Caliphate was the increasing independence of the regional governors, who had taken advantage of the internal quarrels in the Abbasid court to strengthen their own control over their provinces and withheld the taxes due to Baghdad, leaving the central government crippled.

Wasit, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, failed to even get started. Coupled with his failure to counter the mounting financial crisis, this last disaster led to Ibn Muqla's dismissal and arrest.[2][8]

Ibn Muqla's dismissal marks also the final end of the independence of the Abbasid caliphs, for shortly after Ibn Ra'iq was appointed to the new post of amir al-umara ("commander of commanders"), a military-based office that became the de facto ruler of what remained of the Caliphate and deprived the caliph from all real authority.[2][9] Ibn Ra'iq had the possessions of Ibn Muqla and his son confiscated, and Ibn Muqla in turn began to conspire against the amir al-umara. Ibn Ra'iq however became aware of this, and had him imprisoned and his right hand cut off. Shortly after, even while the army of the Turkish general Bajkam was approaching Baghdad to depose Ibn Ra'iq, his tongue was cut. Despite Bajkam's success, Ibn Muqla remained in prison, where he died on 20 July 940.[2]

Calligraphy

Ibn Muqla was also famous as a calligrapher and the inventor of the thuluth style.[1] In addition to thuluth, he invented five other styles of calligraphy, including naskh, a smooth cursive script that eventually superseded kūfi as the primary script for transmitting the holy Koran. Naskh is an easy-to-read font and continues to be used in printing to the present era.[10] Ibn Muqla was revered as 'a prophet in the field of handwriting; it was poured upon his hand, even as it was revealed to the bees to make their honey cells hexagonal'.[11] He or his brothers have been considered the originators of the so-called al-khatt al-mansub ("proportioned script") style, perfected by the 11th-century Persian calligrapher Ibn al-Bawwab.[2] "Khatt" refers to the "marking out" of lines, which suggests that calligraphy is a demarcation of space. In the al-khatt al-mansub system letter design is related to three measurements: the size of nuqta; the height of the alif; and the circle with a diameter equal to the height of the alif.[12][13]

None of Ibn Muqla's authentic work exists today, his work is only known through other sources like Ibn al-Nadim.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Ibn Muqlah | Islamic calligrapher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sourdel 1971, pp. 886–887.
  3. ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 185–188.
  4. ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 191.
  5. ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 193–194.
  6. ^ a b Kennedy 2004, p. 194.
  7. ^ a b Zetterstéen 1995, p. 368.
  8. ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 194–195.
  9. ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 195ff..
  10. JSTOR 29781806
    .
  11. ^ Tabbaa 1991, pp. 119–148.
  12. ^ Grabar 1992, p. 38.
  13. ^ Osborn 2009, pp. 289–306.
  14. ^ Ali 1999, p. 81.

Sources

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